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Most software teams need more than one kind of security testing. SAST examines code or build artifacts without running the application, software composition analysis (SCA) inventories third-party components and checks them for known risks, and DAST tests a running application or service through its behavior. A practical starting point is SAST and SCA in the development pipeline, plus DAST in a test or staging environment when a runnable interface is available.
What is the difference between SAST, DAST, and SCA?
The key difference is the evidence each method examines. SAST looks inside code or related artifacts, SCA looks at the third-party components included in the software, and DAST observes a running system through its responses to requests or simulated attacks. They answer different security questions rather than competing to find the same set of defects.
| Method | Evidence examined | Best placement | Main question | Typical finding to investigate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SAST Static Application Security Testing |
Source code, bytecode, or intermediate representations; the application is not running. | IDE, commit, pull request, and CI. | Does the code contain patterns or flows associated with security weaknesses? | A code location or flow that should be reviewed for a potential weakness. |
| SCA Software Composition Analysis |
Libraries, packages, frameworks, and other third-party components and their versions. | Dependency resolution, build, CI, and ongoing monitoring. | Which components and versions are in use, and are they affected by known vulnerabilities or outdated releases? | A component and version to assess, update, or otherwise track. |
| DAST Dynamic Application Security Testing |
A deployed, running application, service, or API, observed through requests and responses or attack simulations. | Test or staging environments and authorized operational testing. | How does the running interface react to attack inputs, and can a weakness be observed externally? | Request-and-response evidence that helps investigate behavior at a reachable interface. |
OWASP describes SAST as examining source code or compiled/intermediate representations without running the application. Its guidance also describes SCA as identifying vulnerabilities in libraries and third-party dependencies. NIST defines DAST around analyzing the running state of a software system through simulated use cases or real-world attack vectors.
Is software composition analysis the same as SAST?
No. SCA and SAST may both be used during development and CI, but they inspect different parts of the software. SAST focuses on code written or assembled by the development team; SCA focuses on third-party components and the versions being used.
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What SAST can tell you
A SAST result points to code patterns or flows associated with possible security weaknesses. It can help a developer investigate a location in the code before the application is deployed, but a finding is not automatically proof that an exploitable vulnerability exists.
What SCA can tell you
An SCA result can help establish which libraries, packages, frameworks, and other third-party components are present, which versions are involved, and whether known vulnerabilities or outdated releases affect them. This applies whether or not the application’s proprietary code is also scanned.
SCA does not establish that proprietary business logic is safe, and it does not prove that a vulnerable component can be reached or exploited at runtime. Those questions require different evidence. Treat a component alert as a dependency risk to investigate, not as a substitute for examining the application’s own logic or behavior.
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Do I need SAST, SCA, or both?
If your team owns source code and ships third-party packages, the practical answer is usually both. SAST gives earlier feedback on code, while SCA supplies visibility into the components and versions incorporated into the product.
- Choose SAST when you build or maintain source code. Put it where developers can receive feedback during coding or when changes enter a pull request or CI pipeline.
- Choose SCA when you use libraries, packages, frameworks, or other third-party components. Include it in dependency resolution or the build and continue tracking components as they change.
- Choose DAST when you have a running application, service, or API to test. It can examine behavior at an available interface, but it cannot test a target that is not running.
- Combine applicable methods when you need release assurance. Each covers a different evidence source, so adding one does not make the others redundant.
There is no universal winner by accuracy, cost, or false-positive rate in the available guidance. The useful choice depends on what you build, which components you ship, whether a representative target can run, and what evidence you need before release.
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When should I run each type of security test?
Place each test where its evidence exists and where its result can still inform a decision. Code and dependency analysis fit naturally into the development lifecycle; dynamic testing requires a running target and a suitable environment.
Run SAST while code is being changed
SAST can be placed in an IDE, at commit time, on a pull request, or in CI. Earlier feedback gives developers an opportunity to inspect a potential issue in context before a change is merged. Teams should decide how findings are reviewed and triaged rather than treating every alert as a confirmed vulnerability.
Run SCA as dependencies are resolved and built
Dependency resolution and build steps provide a useful point to identify component names and versions. CI can make those checks part of the normal change path, while ongoing monitoring can help teams keep track of components beyond a single build. The finding to act on is usually tied to a component and version, so keep that information with the issue being assessed.
Run DAST against a representative, authorized target
DAST needs a deployed, running application, service, or API. Test or staging is a natural placement when it offers representative routes and test accounts without using a production target. The test should have suitable access to the interface and be authorized; the results describe the behaviors the scan was able to exercise, not every possible internal code path.
Which security testing belongs in CI/CD?
SAST and SCA are strong candidates for CI because they can examine code and dependencies as part of the build and change workflow. DAST belongs in the delivery process when a runnable target is available, commonly in a test or staging environment; it cannot replace pre-execution checks.
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| Decision factor | SAST | SCA | DAST |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lifecycle point | Before application execution; IDE through CI. | Dependency resolution, build, CI, and ongoing monitoring. | After deployment to a running target. |
| Evidence source | Code or build representation. | Third-party components and versions. | Observed application behavior through requests and responses or attack simulations. |
| Access needed | Access to source code or the relevant artifact. | Access to component or dependency information. | A reachable, running application, service, or API. |
| Feedback timing | Can be available during coding, on commits, pull requests, or CI. | Can be available during dependency resolution, builds, CI, and subsequent monitoring. | Available when a suitable target is deployed and the scan can exercise it. |
| Important blind spot | Dynamic configuration, reflection, generated code, and complex flows can reduce coverage. | Does not prove proprietary business logic is safe or that a runtime path is exploitable. | Requires a running target and suitable coverage; behavior not exercised may not be observed. |
| Useful remediation evidence | Code location or flow to review. | Component and version to assess. | Request-and-response behavior to investigate. |
The table describes where each method fits, not a performance ranking. The cited guidance does not establish comparative scan speeds, costs, or false-positive rates, so those should be evaluated for the specific tools and environments a team is considering rather than assumed from the method name.
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Use the layers as a sequence of complementary checks, with a response path for findings at each stage. A result is useful only if the team can identify what it refers to, judge whether it matters, and decide what to fix or track.
- Identify the artifact and its evidence. Establish whether the release includes code the team owns, third-party dependencies, a running interface, or some combination.
- Run the applicable pre-execution checks. Use SAST for code and SCA for component inventory and known component risks. Integrate them into the development and build workflow.
- Deploy an appropriate target for dynamic testing. When a web application, service, or API can run, make a test or staging target and suitable routes available for authorized DAST.
- Review each finding in its own context. A SAST alert needs code-level review; an SCA alert needs component and version assessment; a DAST finding needs interpretation of the observed runtime behavior.
- Make the release decision using the applicable evidence. Do not treat the absence of a finding from one method as evidence that another evidence source has been checked.
- Repeat testing at the appropriate points in the lifecycle. The Australian Cyber Security Centre’s Information Security Manual control ISM-2102 calls for periodic testing throughout the software development life cycle.
The Australian Cyber Security Centre’s ISM-2028 says software artifacts are tested with SAST, DAST, or SCA depending on the artifact type before import into the authoritative source for software. The manual was published and reviewed on 7 September 2026. Its wording supports selecting applicable methods by artifact type; it does not say that every artifact must use all three methods.
What can each method miss, and how should I interpret results?
None of these methods provides a complete proof that software is secure. Each has boundaries imposed by the evidence it examines and by how much of that evidence the test can analyze or exercise.
SAST findings need human review
OWASP cautions that SAST can produce both false positives and false negatives. Complex flows, reflection, generated code, and dynamic configuration can reduce coverage. Review a finding in the context of the code and its behavior before classifying it as a confirmed vulnerability or dismissing it.
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SCA identifies component risk, not application exploitability
A known vulnerability or outdated release associated with a dependency is meaningful inventory and maintenance information. It is not, on its own, proof that proprietary logic is insecure or that the affected component is reachable through a vulnerable runtime path. Keep those separate questions separate during triage.
DAST only observes what it can reach and exercise
DAST requires a running target and suitable coverage. A test may not exercise every route or behavior, so an absence of observed issues is not a claim that all code paths are safe. NIST’s definition emphasizes analysis of the running state through use cases or attack vectors; the scope of the test should be understood in those terms.
Agree on what your team means by DAST
The term is not used identically across the industry. OpenSSF notes that there are multiple definitions: some restrict DAST to web scanners, while broader uses include fuzzers and other dynamic approaches. Its glossary, last modified 28 June 2026, says there is agreement that DAST executes a program to find vulnerabilities. For scope-setting, NIST’s running-state definition is a useful way to describe what the team intends to test.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What should a team decide before adopting these checks?
Choose the evidence and workflow first, then select tools that can support them. A simple implementation plan prevents a team from buying into a method that cannot access the artifact or target it needs to test.
- Map the software you ship. List owned code, dependencies, and runnable interfaces so you can see which methods apply.
- Choose the feedback point. Decide whether developers need findings in the IDE, on a pull request, in CI, during deployment to test, or through ongoing component monitoring.
- Define ownership for triage. Assign who reviews code findings, dependency alerts, and runtime observations; a raw finding without an owner is not a remediation process.
- Set scope for dynamic tests. Specify the authorized target, test accounts, representative routes, and environment before running DAST.
- Measure usefulness without assuming a universal ranking. Compare how well a candidate fits your language or build artifacts, dependency data, and deployed interfaces. The cited standards do not provide a universal price, speed, or accuracy ranking among the three methods.
For an organization operating under the Australian Information Security Manual, check the current control text and determine how it applies to the relevant software artifact and authoritative source workflow. The cited ISM-2028 wording is artifact-dependent, and ISM-2102 separately calls for periodic lifecycle testing; neither removes the need to define an implementation appropriate to the system.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can DAST test an API, or is it only for websites?
The NIST definition covers a running software system or application, and the method can be applied to a service or API when there is a reachable target. Industry usage varies, so document whether your team is using DAST to mean web scanning only or a broader form of dynamic analysis.
Does a clean scan mean my application is secure?
No single clean result establishes that. Each method only speaks to the evidence it examined, and SAST and DAST can have coverage limits; use the result as one input to security decisions rather than a guarantee.
Does the Australian Information Security Manual require all three tests for every artifact?
ISM-2028 describes testing with SAST, DAST, or SCA depending on the software artifact type before import into the authoritative source. It does not state that every artifact must undergo all three methods.
Can I run DAST before an application is deployed?
DAST needs a running target, so a source-only or build-only artifact is not enough. A test or staging deployment can provide a target before release when it exposes the interface and routes the test is intended to exercise.
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