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In the Next.js App Router, pages and layouts are Server Components by default. Use them for server-side data access and UI that does not need browser features; use Client Components for state, event handlers, effects, and browser APIs. In most apps, the best choice is not all-server or all-client: keep the interactive client boundary as small as practical, then compose it with server-rendered content.
What Server and Client Components mean in Next.js
“Server” and “Client” describe where a component’s code can run and the capabilities it can use—not simply whether it produces HTML. On an initial page load, Next.js pre-renders HTML using the component tree and the React Server Component (RSC) payload. That payload contains rendered Server Component output, placeholders and JavaScript references for Client Components, and props passed between them. The browser uses it to reconcile the tree, then hydrates Client Components by attaching event handlers.
On later navigations, Next.js can prefetch and cache the RSC payload; Client Components are rendered on the client. Server Components themselves do not add their own JavaScript to the browser bundle. These are framework behaviors, not a guarantee that every route is static, instantly rendered, or faster in every application. See the [Next.js Server and Client Components guide](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components).
When should you use a Server Component?
For server-side data access
Use a Server Component when it needs to read from a database, ORM, or private API. The work can happen near its data source, and server-side credentials and query logic are not included in the client bundle. That does not replace authorization: verify that each request is allowed to access the requested data.
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For content that needs no browser capability
Pages, layouts, and content-focused UI that need no local state, effects, event handlers, or browser APIs are good starting points for Server Components. They can render without adding their own JavaScript to the client bundle, and Next.js can pre-render content for the initial response.
When the server can prepare UI for an interactive area
A Server Component can fetch or prepare content and render a Client Component where interaction is needed. It can also pass server-rendered UI as a slot, commonly through children, to a Client Component such as a modal. This lets the modal provide client-side behavior without requiring all of its displayed content to be authored as client-side code.
When do you need a Client Component?
Use a Client Component when the UI depends on React capabilities or browser features that are unavailable during server rendering. Typical cases include:
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- Local state or interactive form input.
- Click handlers and other event handlers.
- Effects and custom hooks that depend on client-side React behavior.
- Browser APIs such as
window,localStorage, or geolocation.
Client Components are also pre-rendered into HTML on an initial load; they are not simply invisible until JavaScript runs. Hydration makes their browser-side interactions work.
Where should you put use client?
Place 'use client' at the top of the file that forms the narrowest useful client entry point, before its imports. It marks a boundary in the client module graph: imports and descendants under that entry point become part of the client bundle. It is not necessary to repeat the directive in every file used beneath that boundary. Putting it high in a large layout can unnecessarily expand the client-side JavaScript surface.
Props passed from a Server Component to a Client Component must be serializable by React. Keep server-only values and logic on the server, and pass the client component the data or rendered UI it needs. See the [Next.js use client reference](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/directives/use-client).
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How to choose: a practical decision guide
| Need | Starting point | Reason and qualification |
|---|---|---|
| Read from a database or private API | Server Component | Data access can stay near its source; credentials and query logic stay out of the client bundle. Authenticate and authorize requests. |
| Render mostly static or content-focused UI | Server Component | It adds no component JavaScript of its own to the client bundle and can be pre-rendered. |
| Handle clicks, input, local state, or effects | Client Component | These need client-side React capabilities. Keep the client boundary near the interaction. |
| Use browser storage, geolocation, or another browser API | Client Component | The browser API is not available in the server environment. |
| Show server-prepared content in a client modal or provider | Compose both | Pass rendered UI through a slot such as children; place providers deeply where possible to leave more of the tree outside the client boundary. |
| Show client-only or frequently polled data | Consider client-side fetching | The Next.js Backend for Frontend guide identifies these as cases where client-side fetching may be necessary. |
| Deploy as a static export | Check requirements first | A static export has no runtime server, so features that require the Next.js runtime are unsupported. |
When both approaches could work, weigh browser-only capabilities, whether private data belongs near its source, the amount of JavaScript sent to the browser, latency and streaming needs, how often data changes, and whether the deployment provides a Next.js runtime.
Can a Server Component contain a Client Component?
Yes. A Server Component can render a Client Component as a child and pass serializable props to it. For example, a server-rendered page can supply data to an interactive filter or pass server-rendered content into a client modal’s children. The server parent remains a Server Component; rendering a client child does not require converting the whole parent tree into client code.
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Server data fetching, latency, and streaming
Server Components can use asynchronous I/O, including an ORM or database client. But server-side fetching does not mean every request runs in parallel or that rendering is automatically quick: sequential dependencies can remain sequential, and a slow awaited request can hold up the route until it completes.
For work that may take time, split the UI into smaller pieces and progressively send them—for example, with loading UI or React Suspense—so one slow result does not have to hold back every part of the page. The [Next.js data-fetching guide](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/getting-started/fetching-data) covers parallel and sequential fetching, streaming, and loading states.
Do not assume a universal fetch-cache default across Next.js versions. The current fetching guide says fetch requests are not cached by default and can block rendering until they complete; verify the behavior and configuration for the version your application uses. Dynamic APIs such as cookies and searchParams can also opt a route into dynamic rendering, so a Server Component does not by itself imply a static route. The [production checklist](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/guides/production-checklist) advises checking client-boundary placement to avoid unnecessary client bundle size.
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When not to use Server Components alone
- The UI needs direct interaction: put state, event handlers, effects, or browser-dependent logic in a Client Component.
- The data is client-only or needs frequent polling: client-side fetching may fit better, as noted in the [Backend for Frontend guide](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/guides/backend-for-frontend).
- The deployment is a static export: first check whether the feature requires a running Next.js server. Static exports do not provide that runtime.
- The server request is slow: consider whether the UI can be split and streamed, and whether its data dependencies need to run sequentially.
These are reasons to choose a different boundary or deployment approach—not a reason to mark an entire application as client-rendered by default.
What performance benefits should you expect?
Server Components can reduce the JavaScript needed for non-interactive UI and support streaming, but those are qualitative capabilities, not a promised speedup. The official guidance cited here does not establish a universal percentage improvement or benchmark. Actual results depend on the route, client boundary, data latency, rendering strategy, and deployment. Measure the application rather than treating “Server Component” as a performance guarantee.
Next.js documentation is version-sensitive. The App Router guide for Server and Client Components was updated March 16, 2026; the use client reference February 27, 2026; and the fetching guide March 25, 2026. Check the docs for the exact Next.js version you deploy, particularly for caching, rendering, and hosting behavior.
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