If you receive a notice that a health care provider, insurer, or health-record service was hit by ransomware, verify the notice through an official channel, ask exactly what information was involved and whether investigators found evidence it was accessed or copied, then check your medical records and insurance activity for unfamiliar care or claims. Dispute anything you do not recognize with the provider and insurer, and use IdentityTheft.gov if you suspect someone used your identity or benefits.
What should I do first?
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Verify the notice
Do not click an unexpected link or give sensitive information to an unverified caller. Sign in through a portal you already know, or independently find the organization’s official phone number or website. Ask to speak with its incident-response contact. If the notice appears to come from a provider, insurer, pharmacy, laboratory, or health-record service, contact that organization directly using a trusted channel.
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Ask what the investigation found
Ask the organization to explain which categories of information were involved—for example, identifiers, diagnoses, prescriptions, insurance details, or payment data—and the incident and discovery dates. Ask whether it has evidence that information was accessed or exfiltrated, whether it has identified misuse, what protective steps it recommends, and how you can receive updates.
Keep the notice and write down the date of each call, the contact’s name, any case number, and the answers you receive. If the organization later sends an update, compare it with the first notice: did it clarify the data categories, access or exfiltration findings, sensitive identifiers involved, recommended actions, contact point, or reporting timeline?
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Check records and insurance activity
Review recent provider, pharmacy, and laboratory records, along with your health-plan claims, bills, explanations of benefits, and remaining benefits. Look for unfamiliar appointments, prescriptions, services, debts, claims, or benefits that appear to have been used. You can request records from the relevant provider or plan if you cannot review them online.
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Dispute suspected misuse promptly
Contact the provider and insurer about unfamiliar records or claims and ask how to dispute them. Keep copies of notices, bills, claim explanations, correspondence, and case numbers. If someone appears to have used your personal information or insurance benefits to obtain care or prescriptions, use IdentityTheft.gov to create a recovery plan.
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Does a ransomware notice mean my records were stolen?
Not necessarily. Ransomware commonly involves encrypting data, but the word alone does not establish which records an attacker read, copied, or misused. Ask the affected organization what its investigation has found about access or exfiltration and whether it has detected misuse; the organization’s findings may become clearer in later updates.
For HIPAA-regulated organizations, HHS treats ransomware as a security incident. Under HHS guidance, when ransomware encrypts electronic protected health information, a breach is presumed because an unauthorized person acquired or controlled the information—unless the organization can demonstrate a low probability that the information was compromised through the required risk assessment. That legal presumption does not itself prove that every record was publicly posted or exfiltrated. The organization must assess the scope of the incident.
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The scale of one event also cannot tell you what happened to your own data. As an incident-specific example, HHS’s Change Healthcare FAQ reported approximately 190 million individuals impacted and approximately 130 million individual notices sent as of January 24, 2025. Those figures describe that incident at that date; they are not a general estimate of ransomware exposure or an assessment of any one person’s risk.
What should a breach notice tell me, and when should it arrive?
For a HIPAA breach involving unsecured protected health information, affected individuals must be notified without unreasonable delay and no later than 60 days after the organization discovers the breach. The notice should describe the incident and information involved, explain protective steps you can take, summarize the organization’s investigation and mitigation, and provide contact information.
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The 60-day deadline runs from discovery, not necessarily from the date the ransomware attack began. A notice may therefore arrive after the incident itself. If it does not answer what data was involved or what you should do, contact the organization and ask for those details rather than assuming that the notice’s initial wording settles the investigation.
For a HIPAA breach affecting 500 or more people, the covered entity must also notify HHS without unreasonable delay and within 60 days. For a breach affecting fewer than 500 people, it reports to HHS annually, within 60 days after the calendar year ends. These are organization reporting duties: you do not file the entity’s required HHS breach report.
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Does HIPAA cover the organization or health app involved?
It depends on who holds or handles the information. HIPAA applies to covered entities and their business associates; it does not automatically cover every app, website, or consumer service that stores health information. Certain personal health record vendors and related entities outside HIPAA are subject to the FTC Health Breach Notification Rule.
| Organization type | What the federal framework means for a breach | What you can do |
|---|---|---|
| HIPAA covered entity or business associate | HIPAA breach duties apply to covered entities and business associates. For unsecured protected health information, individual notice is due without unreasonable delay and within 60 days after discovery. | Ask the organization for incident details and its contact point. Report concerns about health-information practices to the relevant regulator if needed. |
| Certain health-record vendors and related services outside HIPAA | The FTC Health Breach Notification Rule applies to certain vendors of personal health records and related entities that are not covered by HIPAA. | Ask the service which rules and response process apply. Do not assume an app is HIPAA-covered solely because it handles health information. |
The FTC accepts consumer reports about health-information practices. The organization responsible for the incident, rather than an affected patient, handles any required organizational breach notifications. Which rules apply depends on the organization and service, so follow the contact and instructions in your own notice.
What if I do not see suspicious activity?
Keep the notice and any later updates, and check records and insurance activity periodically while the organization’s investigation continues. Follow the concrete protective steps it recommends for the specific information involved. A notice is not proof that your identity or insurance has been misused, and the absence of an unfamiliar claim does not answer whether information was accessed; those are separate questions.
This guidance describes the U.S. federal framework. State breach laws and your specific rights can vary by location and by the organization involved. For state-specific questions, consult your state’s consumer-protection or health-privacy resources, or seek qualified legal advice.
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