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Elixir OTP is the set of runtime libraries, conventions, and design patterns Elixir uses on the Erlang virtual machine to build concurrent, fault-tolerant software. Processes do concurrent work and exchange messages; OTP behaviors such as GenServer provide reusable process patterns; supervisors manage child processes and their configured restart behavior; and applications define components that can start and stop as a unit.
The key to understanding OTP is seeing how these pieces fit together: an OTP application starts a top-level supervisor, which starts and supervises the processes and nested supervisors that make up the application.
How Elixir OTP fits together
Think of OTP as a set of layers rather than a single feature. A typical application has a lifecycle managed by the runtime, a supervision tree started by the application, and processes at the leaves doing work.
OTP application
└── Top-level supervisor
├── Registry process
└── DynamicSupervisor
└── Worker processes (as needed)This is an illustrative shape, not a required design. A child can be a worker process or another supervisor. A worker may use GenServer if it needs a stateful, message-handling server role; a process does not need to be a GenServer simply because it is supervised.
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- Processes provide isolated concurrent execution and communicate by messages.
- OTP behaviors and abstractions, including GenServer, offer standard structures for common process responsibilities.
- Supervisors start and monitor child processes and respond to failures according to configured strategies and child restart settings.
- Applications package code and lifecycle so a component can be started and stopped as a unit.
What an Elixir process is—and is not
An Elixir process is a lightweight process managed by the Erlang virtual machine, not an operating-system process. Processes are isolated from one another and communicate by sending messages. That isolation helps contain failures and makes concurrency a central part of the platform’s model.
Choose the simplest abstraction that fits the work. A plain spawned process can suit simple isolated work; a Task can represent bounded asynchronous work; an Agent can manage straightforward state; and a GenServer fits a server process with explicit request handling or callbacks. These are options, not mandatory steps in a progression. Use GenServer when its server pattern helps make the responsibility clear, not as a default wrapper around every function.
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What supervisors do
A supervisor is itself a process. It starts and monitors child processes, and when a child exits, it follows the restart policy declared for that child and the supervisor’s strategy. Supervisors can supervise other supervisors, creating a hierarchy that organizes failure recovery.
For example, a child specification can identify a worker module, its start arguments, and—when needed—a name used to address it. The supervisor starts children in order, so start a dependency before the process that relies on it. If a Registry must be available to a worker during startup, place the Registry earlier in the child list.
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With the :one_for_one strategy, only the failed child is restarted. Other strategies can restart later children or all children when a failure occurs. The appropriate choice depends on how children depend on one another; restarting unrelated processes together can be unnecessary, while restarting a dependent process without its prerequisite can leave the system inconsistent.
How an OTP application starts and stops
An OTP application is a runtime component that can be started and stopped as a unit and reused in other systems. In a supervised Elixir application, its application callback starts the top-level supervisor; that supervisor then starts the application’s supervision tree. Stopping the application ends that managed component’s lifecycle.
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A Mix project and an OTP application are related but not synonymous in every setup. Mix handles project tasks and build configuration; the OTP application is the independently startable and stoppable component in the runtime model. A library that does not need its own start/stop lifecycle may not need an application callback.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What “let it crash” means in practice
“Let it crash” describes a recovery approach: allow a process that has failed to stop, then let supervision restart it according to the system’s declared policies. It does not mean ignoring errors, skipping input validation, or assuming every failure is safely recoverable.
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Before relying on a restart, consider whether the process can reconstruct its state, whether it performed external side effects before failing, whether dependent processes need coordinated recovery, and whether repeated crashes could exceed restart limits. A supervisor can restart processes; it cannot automatically undo a payment, restore lost in-memory state, or make an unsafe operation idempotent.
Elixir OTP compatibility
Compatibility changes over time. As accessed on October 4, 2026, the official Elixir documentation listed Elixir 1.20.4 as stable and Erlang/OTP 27, 28, and 29 as supported. Check the live compatibility information before installing or upgrading, since those version relationships may change.
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