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Do not block every AI crawler by default. A better policy separates model-training opt-outs from search and user-request access, then uses authentication, a firewall, WAF, or bot-management controls for material that must be technically protected. A robots.txt rule records your preference for compliant crawlers, but it is not a security boundary.
OpenAI, Anthropic, and Google publish different crawler identities for different purposes. You can, for example, disallow GPTBot while allowing OAI-SearchBot, or disallow Google-Extended without changing Google Search inclusion or ranking. The right rule depends on discoverability, training, crawl load, licensing posture, and how strong your enforcement must be.
What does robots.txt actually control?
A robots.txt file tells a crawler which URL paths it may access. Google Search Central describes it as an instruction about the URLs a crawler can access on your site. The file is normally published at the site root, such as https://example.com/robots.txt, and rules are matched by the crawler’s declared user-agent.
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The critical limitation is voluntary compliance. Cloudflare summarizes the operational reality plainly: “robots.txt compliance is voluntary.” A well-behaved crawler fetches the file and follows it; an abusive scraper can ignore it, identify itself inaccurately, or use another network. Do not put passwords, customer records, unpublished files, or other secrets in a directory protected only by a disallow rule.
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Robots rules also do not remove a URL that is already known to a search engine. Google says robots.txt is not a mechanism for keeping a page out of Google. Use authentication and authorization for private content, or an appropriate noindex implementation when the objective is search de-indexing rather than crawl restriction.
Which AI crawlers have separate controls?
AI companies distinguish between bots that collect training data, bots that support search or grounding, and bots that fetch a page because a user requested it. A policy that blocks one identity does not automatically block the others.
| Vendor or token | Primary purpose described by the vendor | What a rule changes |
|---|---|---|
GPTBot |
Content that may be used for model training | Expresses an opt-out from that crawler’s access |
OAI-SearchBot |
Surfacing websites in ChatGPT search | Controls search-oriented discovery separately from GPTBot |
ChatGPT-User |
Certain user-initiated requests | Controls a user-request fetch path rather than the training crawler |
ClaudeBot |
Web content that could contribute to model training | Controls Anthropic’s documented training crawler |
Google-Extended |
Use of Google-crawled content for Gemini training and grounding | Does not change Google Search inclusion or ranking |
OpenAI explicitly says, “Each setting is independent of the others.” Consequently, disallowing GPTBot alone does not block OAI-SearchBot. Anthropic documents ClaudeBot and says its bots honor industry-standard robots directives. Google describes Google-Extended as a standalone control token, not a Google Search crawler switch.
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Block a training-oriented identity when your editorial, licensing, legal, or business policy says that content should not be collected for model development. Allow a search-oriented identity when visibility in an AI answer engine is valuable and your policy permits that use. Make the choice per vendor and per content class instead of applying one all-bot rule to the whole domain.
OpenAI: separate training from search
OpenAI identifies GPTBot as a training-related crawler and OAI-SearchBot as the identity used to surface websites in ChatGPT search. ChatGPT-User handles certain user-initiated requests. OpenAI says a robots update can take about 24 hours to adjust in its systems, so a rule change is not an instant switch.
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If you want search discovery but not training collection, disallow GPTBot and allow OAI-SearchBot. Decide separately whether user-request fetches are acceptable; allowing a search bot does not imply that every request path is allowed.
Anthropic: ClaudeBot and crawl rate
Anthropic’s April 7, 2026 help-center guidance says ClaudeBot collects web content that could contribute to model training and that Anthropic’s bots honor robots.txt directives. To opt out across a site, the documented pattern is:
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Disallow: /Anthropic also documents Crawl-delay: 1 for rate control. Apply the directive on every subdomain whose content should follow the policy; a file on www.example.com does not automatically govern docs.example.com or a separate media host.
Google: Google-Extended is not an SEO ranking switch
Google-Extended controls whether Google-crawled content may be used for Gemini training and grounding. Disallowing it does not remove pages from Google Search and does not change their ranking. You can therefore express a Gemini training preference while keeping ordinary Google indexing available, provided your other indexing controls allow it.
How do you write a selective robots.txt policy?
Start with a written policy for each content category, then translate it into the narrowest rules that express that policy. The following example preserves OpenAI search visibility while excluding three training-oriented identities:
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User-agent: GPTBot
Disallow: /
User-agent: ClaudeBot
Disallow: /
User-agent: Google-Extended
Disallow: /
User-agent: OAI-SearchBot
Allow: /The example is a preference statement, not proof that every request was stopped. Review each vendor’s current documentation before deployment because user-agent names, purposes, and interpretation can change.
Block a sensitive path for compliant crawlers
To tell all compliant crawlers not to fetch a sensitive URL space, use a wildcard group:
User-agent: *
Disallow: /private/This does not secure /private/. Keep the directory behind authentication, authorization checks, or network controls. If a sensitive URL has already been discovered, robots.txt may prevent a compliant crawler from fetching its contents but does not guarantee that the URL disappears from search results.
Implement and verify the change
- Inventory hosts and paths. List production domains, subdomains, APIs, static-file hosts, staging systems, and any area that contains licensed or confidential material.
- Classify the desired use. For each host, decide whether training collection, AI search discovery, user-request retrieval, and ordinary search indexing are allowed.
- Edit the root file. Publish the rules at the root of each relevant host. Keep syntax exact, use the vendor’s documented token, and avoid assuming that a rule on one hostname covers another.
- Check the served response. Request
/robots.txtover HTTPS and confirm the production server, CDN, and redirects return the intended text rather than a cached or staging copy. - Watch logs and crawl behavior. Look for the declared user-agent, request volume, response codes, and IP patterns. A claimed identity is evidence to investigate, not authentication.
- Reassess after deployment. OpenAI says its robots changes can take about 24 hours to adjust in its systems. Allow time for vendor caches and then compare traffic, crawl load, and assistant referral patterns with your policy goals.
Can robots.txt really stop AI scraping?
It can communicate a preference to compliant operators; it cannot technically prevent scraping. A crawler that ignores the file can continue requesting pages, and a scraper can impersonate an allowed user-agent. This is why robots.txt belongs in a layered control plan rather than serving as the only defense.
Use technical enforcement for restricted material
- Authentication and authorization: Require an account, session, signed URL, or service-to-service credential before returning the content.
- Firewall and WAF rules: Deny or challenge traffic based on verified signals, request patterns, geography, network reputation, or a maintained bot identity list.
- Bot management: Rate-limit, fingerprint, challenge, or block automated clients when they exceed acceptable behavior.
- Application controls: Return only the fields a requester is entitled to receive, paginate expensive endpoints, and avoid exposing bulk exports.
- Monitoring and response: Retain request logs, alert on unusual crawl rates, and be prepared to revoke credentials or block networks when abuse continues.
Cloudflare documents managed robots.txt output for identities including GPTBot, ClaudeBot, Google-Extended, Amazonbot, Applebot-Extended, Bytespider, and CCBot. It separately documents AI Crawl Control for technical blocking of selected AI crawlers. Treat those as infrastructure options whose current commercial availability and configuration should be verified before adoption; a generated robots file still does not replace enforcement controls.
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What are the trade-offs of a blanket block?
A blanket block maximizes the number of compliant crawlers you tell to stay away, but it also sacrifices potential discovery and does not stop determined scrapers. Selective rules preserve more useful access while making your training preference explicit.
| Policy choice | Assistant and search discoverability | Training opt-out signal | Crawl-load effect | Technical strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disallow every named AI crawler | Lowest | Broadest for compliant bots | Reduces compliant AI requests | Still voluntary |
| Disallow training identities; allow search identities | Higher | Targeted | Reduces selected requests | Still voluntary |
| Use robots.txt only on sensitive paths | Depends on path scope | Limited to the selected paths | Reduces requests to those paths | Does not secure the paths |
| Add WAF, firewall, authentication, or bot management | Depends on which traffic you challenge | Can enforce an operational policy | Can reduce unwanted requests materially | Technical enforcement, subject to configuration quality |
Evaluate every policy against five axes: search and assistant discoverability, model-training exclusion, crawl load, legal or licensing posture, and enforcement strength. A publisher with public documentation may favor selective training exclusions; a private application should prioritize access controls regardless of what robots.txt says.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What do current adoption figures suggest?
DataDome’s Global Bot Security Report 2025 sampled robots.txt files and found 1,529 that mentioned GPTBot: 88.88% disallowed it and 11.12% allowed it. In the same report, 918 files mentioned Google-Extended; 91.29% disallowed it and 8.71% allowed it. These percentages describe that report’s sample, not all websites, and they show that site owners are making different choices rather than following one universal rule.
How should a site owner decide?
Use this sequence when stakeholders disagree about AI crawling:
- Define the asset. Separate public articles, user-generated content, licensed databases, customer areas, and operational endpoints.
- Define the permitted use. “Search visibility,” “training,” and “a user asking an assistant to fetch this page” are different permissions.
- Choose the narrowest crawler rule. Name the relevant identity instead of blocking all bots when only one use is unwanted.
- Protect what must stay private. Put confidential or commercially restricted data behind technical access controls before considering robots directives.
- Measure consequences. Track referrals, crawl volume, server cost, and incidents, then revise the policy when business or vendor behavior changes.
The practical default for a public site is selective: state training preferences with vendor-specific tokens, keep desired search access available, and reserve hard blocking for infrastructure controls and protected areas.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can a crawler ignore a robots.txt rule even if it uses the correct user-agent?
Yes. Robots directives are voluntary, so an operator can disregard them while still identifying itself accurately. Check request logs and use network or application controls when noncompliance creates a real risk.
Does disallowing Google-Extended remove my pages from Gemini answers?
It controls Google’s use of crawled content for Gemini training and grounding, but it is not a universal removal command for every way a page might be retrieved or discussed. Other sources, cached information, or a separate fetch path can still affect an answer.
Should I put the same robots.txt file on every subdomain?
Publish a policy on each host whose crawling behavior you need to control. Subdomains and separate asset domains can serve their own files, and a rule on the main site does not automatically govern them.
What should I do if blocking AI bots causes a server-load problem?
Use rate limits, caching, WAF challenges, and endpoint-level controls to reduce expensive automated requests. Keep robots.txt as the communication layer, but tune infrastructure protections from observed traffic rather than assuming every request is genuine.
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