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Verify the interaction as a contract-backed execution trace, not as a convincing conversation. Define what each agent is allowed to send and do, record every message, tool call, and state change, then run deterministic checks for schema, ordering, authorization, handoffs, timeouts, and terminal state. Use model checking for concurrency hazards, evaluate the final result with independent domain assertions, and stress the pair with faults and nondeterministic schedules. A passing check proves that the recorded run satisfied the specified contract under its stated assumptions; it does not prove that an unconstrained language model is universally correct.

What does “correctly completed” mean for two AI agents?

Correctness is a contract, not a conversational impression. Two agents can exchange fluent messages and still skip a required verification, use a tool without authorization, lose a handoff, or terminate with the wrong state. A verification claim is meaningful only when the interaction protocol and the task outcome are both specified.

For a two-agent workflow, define at least these elements:

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  • Roles and authority: identify each agent, its permitted tools, data scopes, and decisions it may make.
  • Message vocabulary: enumerate message or performative types, required fields, sender and recipient rules, correlation identifiers, and versioning.
  • Preconditions and postconditions: state what must be true before an action and what the action must establish afterward.
  • Transition rules: describe which states and messages may follow one another, including acknowledgements and handoffs.
  • Failure behavior: specify retries, backoff, timeouts, cancellation, partial completion, and escalation.
  • Terminal states: define successful completion, safe rejection, timeout, cancellation, and unrecoverable failure.
  • Task-level success: state the externally observable result, such as an exact database record, arithmetic value, policy decision, or validated file.

Formal dialogue work treats compliance and interoperability as properties that can be specified and checked. The Message Application Protocol (MAP) literature describes message-exchange patterns that can be translated into verification models; interaction-type research likewise frames protocol compliance as a verifiable property. See Verifiable agent dialogues and the interaction and interoperability paper.

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How do I write a contract for the interaction?

Write the contract before inspecting a run. A short, testable contract is more useful than a long natural-language instruction because every requirement can become an executable predicate or a model-checking property.

Define the normal path

Specify the expected sequence in state terms. For example, an analyst agent may send request, a verifier agent may return acknowledge, the analyst may invoke an approved lookup, and the verifier may send accept or reject. State whether messages are strictly ordered or may be concurrent, and identify which events must be causally linked by a correlation ID.

Define forbidden paths

Write explicit negative rules: no final answer before peer acknowledgement, no tool invocation before authorization, no acceptance without a required evidence field, no reuse of a stale correlation ID, and no transition from a cancelled run back to active work. Forbidden edges are often easier to detect than vague quality failures.

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Define recovery and termination

For every wait, specify a timeout and the legal response. Decide whether a duplicate message is ignored, deduplicated, or treated as an error. Set a maximum retry count and define what happens after an agent restart. A run is not complete merely because both models stopped generating text; it must reach one of the contract’s terminal states with all required postconditions satisfied.

Version the specification

Give the contract an immutable version identifier and store it with every run. If a rule changes, create a new version rather than silently reinterpreting old traces. This lets an auditor reproduce the exact predicates that produced a pass or fail.

What must the execution trace contain?

The trace is the evidence. Capture a durable event for every meaningful transition, not only the final transcript. A replayable trace should let an independent checker reconstruct who acted, what information was available, which tools ran, and how state changed.

Minimum event fields

  • Run, interaction, message, and correlation IDs.
  • Agent identity, model identifier and version, role, and runtime version.
  • Prompt or other input, generated output, and normalized message type.
  • Tool name, arguments, authorization decision, result, error, and latency.
  • State before and after each transition, including shared-resource mutations.
  • Logical step number plus wall-clock timestamp; retain both when distributed clocks can differ.
  • Retry count, timeout, cancellation, restart, and termination decisions.
  • Contract, prompt, policy, tool-schema, and evaluator version identifiers.
  • Input/output hashes or content-addressed references where storing raw sensitive data is inappropriate.

Use append-only storage or tamper-evident records, and preserve the original event order. Redaction should be explicit and should not remove fields needed to prove authorization, causality, or the final state. The trace-assurance framework calls these records Message-Action Traces and describes step contracts, trace contracts, deterministic replay, stress testing, and bounded counterexample search: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.18096.

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Open Agent Specification tracing provides a framework-agnostic representation of execution paths, data flow, decisions, and tool invocations. Its cross-framework evaluation covers four runtimes and three benchmarks, making a common trace shape useful when comparing implementations: https://doi.org/10.1145/3786335.3813130.

Make replay possible without pretending it is determinism

Store model and tool versions, sampling settings, random seeds when available, retrieved documents or their hashes, clock and scheduler information, and external responses. A replay can verify that the recorded events satisfy the contract even when a fresh model call would produce different text. Treat an exact output match as optional; treat an exact event, authorization, and state-transition history as the audit target.

How do I run deterministic checks on the trace?

Run machine-checkable predicates before asking anyone to judge prose quality. Deterministic failures provide a precise first violation and a counterexample trace instead of an argument about whether a response “sounds right.”

Validate messages and identity

  • Parse every event against the versioned message schema.
  • Check that sender, recipient, message type, required fields, and correlation ID agree.
  • Reject unknown types, duplicate message IDs, impossible timestamps, and malformed tool arguments.
  • Verify that a response refers to the same task and authorization scope as its request.

Check ordering and legal transitions

Represent the contract as a finite-state machine or transition table. For each adjacent event, assert that the source state permits the event and that the resulting state is the one specified. Also check causal edges: an acknowledgement must follow the message it acknowledges, and a final response must be downstream of every required verification.

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Check preconditions, postconditions, and tools

Evaluate preconditions against the recorded state immediately before an action and postconditions immediately after it. For tool calls, verify the exact tool name, argument types and ranges, authorization decision, tenant or resource scope, and handling of the returned result. A successful HTTP response is not a successful task if the agent ignored a required field or wrote to the wrong resource.

Check handoffs, retries, and terminal rules

Require every handoff to include the fields the receiving agent needs, and require an acknowledgement or an explicitly permitted negative response. Check that retries do not duplicate non-idempotent actions, that timeout branches are taken within the allowed window, and that no event occurs after a terminal state. Preserve the first failed predicate and the smallest trace segment that demonstrates it.

AgentPex illustrates specification extraction and trace evaluation across output rules, transition rules, forbidden edges, and argument rules. Its transparency note cautions that an LLM-based evaluator is complementary rather than a definitive correctness oracle: AgentPex transparency note.

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Example of a trace assertion

Suppose the contract says the verifier must acknowledge a request before the analyst may submit a final answer. A checker can assert the ordering without interpreting the prose:

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request(id) < acknowledge(id) < final(id)

It can then add predicates such as authorized(tool_call), same_correlation_id(request, acknowledge), and postcondition(final_state). If the trace is request, final, acknowledge, the checker should report the final event as the first violation and retain the complete counterexample for debugging.

When should I use PROMELA/SPIN or PlusCal/TLA+?

Use formal model checking when agents run asynchronously, share resources, retry messages, or control safety-critical actions. A model checker explores the coordination logic under stated bounds and can expose deadlocks, livelocks, unsafe interleavings, and termination failures that a single observed run cannot reveal.

Model the protocol, not the language model

Abstract each agent to states and labeled actions such as send_request, wait_ack, invoke_tool, and commit. Model message queues, timeouts, retries, locks, and shared resources. Do not claim that this abstraction proves every possible token sequence; it proves properties of the modeled protocol under its assumptions.

Choose a verification notation

  • PROMELA/SPIN: encode communicating processes and channels, then search for assertion failures, deadlocks, and temporal-property violations.
  • PlusCal/TLA+: describe state transitions and invariants, and use TLC to explore reachable states and produce counterexample traces.

The MAP work demonstrates translating dialogue protocols to PROMELA and checking termination, liveness, and correctness. A later TraceFix pipeline synthesizes a topology, generates PlusCal, uses TLC counterexamples to repair the protocol, and enforces the verified topology at runtime: MAP and verifiable agent dialogues and TraceFix project.

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Properties to check

  • Safety: forbidden states never occur, such as an unauthorized commit or two agents owning an exclusive lock.
  • Progress: a request that remains enabled is eventually acknowledged or fails through a defined recovery path.
  • Termination: every bounded interaction eventually reaches a terminal state.
  • Deadlock freedom: no reachable state leaves both agents waiting forever for events that cannot occur.
  • Livelock freedom: retries or handshakes do not cycle indefinitely without making progress.

Record queue bounds, retry limits, fairness assumptions, and any state-space reductions. A counterexample is not merely a test failure; it is a concrete sequence that can guide a protocol repair and a new regression test.

By performing model checking on our protocols we can obtain a high degree of confidence in the resulting agent dialogues.

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This confidence applies to the verified model and assumptions, not to unconstrained model behavior outside the enforcement boundary.

How can I verify the final result independently of the dialogue?

Evaluate the outcome with checks that do not rely on the same agent that produced it. A protocol-compliant interaction can still reach a wrong answer, and a fluent answer can conceal a protocol violation.

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Prefer executable domain assertions

  • Query the resulting database row and compare exact fields, ownership, and version.
  • Recompute arithmetic, totals, or hashes independently.
  • Validate output against a strict schema and business-rule set.
  • Check that cited evidence entails the claim when citation entailment is required.
  • Compare a generated artifact with a reference representation or invariant.

Keep the outcome verdict separate from the protocol verdict. Report combinations such as contract pass / outcome pass, contract pass / outcome fail, and contract fail / outcome pass. The last case is not acceptable completion: a lucky final answer does not erase an unauthorized or skipped step.

Use judges and human review for non-executable qualities

An independent rubric or human reviewer can assess relevance, clarity, explanation quality, and nuanced policy compliance. Give the reviewer the contract verdict and relevant trace evidence, but do not let a persuasive final answer override a deterministic failure.

MAS-ProVe evaluates three verification paradigms—LLM-as-a-Judge, reward models, and process reward models—across six diverse multi-agent frameworks and four context-management strategies. Its 2026 results report that process-level verification does not consistently improve performance and frequently shows high variance. Treat a judge as corroborating evidence, not sole proof: MAS-ProVe.

Overall, our results suggest that effective and robust process verification for MAS remains an open challenge, requiring further advances beyond current paradigms.

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How do I test nondeterminism, faults, and adversarial conditions?

One successful schedule is not enough. Re-run the same contract and task across the sources of variation that can change coordination, then inject failures deliberately.

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Vary execution conditions

  • Use repeated random seeds and different temperature or sampling settings.
  • Test multiple model and tool versions while keeping the contract fixed.
  • Vary message delays, scheduler order, concurrency, and clock skew within realistic bounds.
  • Repeat after restarts and with empty, stale, or partially persisted state.

Inject protocol and environment faults

  • Delay, duplicate, reorder, drop, truncate, or contradict messages.
  • Return malformed tool results, authorization denials, rate limits, and transient errors.
  • Corrupt or stale shared state and attempt concurrent writes.
  • Terminate an agent between a tool call and its acknowledgement.
  • Insert untrusted context that attempts to override the contract or tool policy.

Measure more than task success

Track contract-compliance rate, first-violation location, termination reliability, recovery success, factuality indicators, containment of unauthorized actions, latency, token or compute use, and observability overhead. Keep every failing trace, injected fault, seed, schedule, and model version so another evaluator can reproduce the result.

How should I compare two implementations or agent configurations?

Compare them on one specification and one evaluation harness. Otherwise a difference in prompts, tools, permissions, or task mix can masquerade as a model advantage.

Comparison axis What to measure Evidence to retain
Protocol assurance Schema validity, transition coverage, safety, liveness, deadlock freedom, and termination Predicate results, coverage, and model-checker counterexamples
Evidence quality Trace completeness, replayability, provenance, and first-failure localization Versioned event records and replay outputs
Outcome validity Executable task assertions, domain-grounded factuality, and independent review Assertion logs, reference data, and reviewer decisions
Robustness Performance across seeds, schedules, retries, faults, adversarial context, and model versions Stress-test matrix and all failed runs
Operational cost Latency, token or compute use, storage, observability overhead, and repair effort Per-run measurements under the same workload
Guarantee scope Assumptions, bounds, and portions of the state space actually modeled Specification version, model bounds, fairness assumptions, and exclusions

Open Agent Specification’s framework-agnostic traces are designed for this kind of cross-runtime comparison; its reported study spans four runtimes and three benchmarks. Keep protocol, task set, tool permissions, and evaluation code constant, and publish confidence intervals or run counts when making aggregate claims.

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What should a verification report say?

A useful report lets a reader distinguish a checked property from an untested assumption. Include:

  • The contract and specification version, including message schemas and terminal-state definitions.
  • Agent, model, runtime, tool, prompt, policy, and evaluator versions.
  • Task corpus, seeds, schedules, sampling settings, and environment configuration.
  • Predicates tested, model-checking properties, state-space bounds, fairness assumptions, and coverage.
  • Pass/fail counts, first violations, counterexample traces, and outcome-verification results.
  • Faults injected, recovery behavior, and any data or events redacted for privacy.
  • Untested assumptions, known blind spots, and the exact boundary of the guarantee.

Use precise language: “all 500 recorded runs satisfied contract version 3 under the tested fault matrix” is supportable; “the agents are correct” is not. A protocol checker proves modeled properties, while an LLM judge can miss subtle violations or agree with a fluent but wrong answer. State those limits next to the verdict.

What is a practical verification workflow from start to finish?

For a production interaction, apply the following sequence and stop on the first blocking failure.

  1. Freeze the contract. Version roles, message types, preconditions, postconditions, forbidden transitions, retry and timeout policy, and terminal states.
  2. Instrument every event. Persist sends, receives, model calls, tool calls and results, state mutations, retries, errors, cancellations, and termination decisions with IDs and timestamps.
  3. Run deterministic predicates. Check schemas, identities, ordering, transitions, authorization, arguments, handoffs, timeout behavior, and terminal assertions. Save the first violation and counterexample trace.
  4. Model coordination hazards. Translate the abstract protocol to PROMELA/SPIN or PlusCal/TLA+ when concurrency, shared resources, or safety impact warrants it. Check safety, progress, termination, deadlock, and livelock.
  5. Verify the outcome independently. Execute domain assertions and use a separate rubric or reviewer for qualities that cannot be computed.
  6. Stress the pair. Vary seeds, schedules, model versions, and delays; inject duplicates, drops, malformed results, restarts, stale state, and adversarial context.
  7. Publish the boundary. Report exact versions, assumptions, bounds, tested faults, pass/fail predicates, counterexamples, and anything not covered.

What are the most common verification mistakes?

  • Judging only the final text: a correct-looking answer can follow an illegal path or omit a required check.
  • Logging only prompts and responses: missing tool calls and state mutations make replay and authorization checks impossible.
  • Using wall-clock order alone: distributed events need logical or causal identifiers to establish happens-before relationships.
  • Allowing an LLM judge to decide everything: process-level judging is variable and can reward fluent violations.
  • Ignoring negative paths: contracts need explicit cancellation, timeout, retry, denial, and malformed-input behavior.
  • Claiming universal correctness from bounded checking: model checking covers the encoded state space and assumptions only.
  • Changing the harness between implementations: different permissions or prompts invalidate the comparison.
  • Discarding failures after repair: retain counterexamples as regression tests so the same protocol defect cannot return silently.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can an audit log prove that an AI agent used the right information?

Only if the log records the inputs available at each decision, retrieval results or content hashes, tool arguments and outputs, and the policy version used for authorization. A transcript that omits retrieved context or external responses cannot establish what the agent actually saw.

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How do I verify a handoff when messages may arrive out of order?

Give every request, acknowledgement, and result a correlation ID and sequence or causal reference. The checker should validate the allowed partial order rather than relying on timestamps, then reject duplicates, stale IDs, and results that cannot be causally attached to an active request.

What should happen when the protocol passes but the final answer is wrong?

Record separate protocol and outcome verdicts and classify the run as a contract pass with an outcome failure. Investigate the domain assertion, evidence selection, or agent reasoning without weakening the protocol checks.

How often should a verified interaction be re-tested after a model update?

Re-run the full deterministic and fault-injection suite whenever a model, tool, prompt, policy, runtime, or contract version changes. Keep a smaller smoke suite for every deployment, but do not treat it as a substitute for the versioned regression corpus.

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