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A free scan shows the junk files, broken settings and background clutter dragging Windows down - then fixes them in one click.Free scan · Windows 10 & 11No. A federal judge found that Google unlawfully monopolized two specific open-web display ad-tech markets and unlawfully tied its publisher ad server to its ad exchange. The judge later rejected a proposed breakup and ordered behavioral remedies instead. The case is therefore a major antitrust loss for Google, but it did not require Google to sell AdX or split up its ad-tech business.
What did the judge find Google did illegally?
In an April 17, 2025 liability ruling, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia found that Google unlawfully acquired and maintained monopoly power in two defined markets: publisher ad servers for open-web display advertising, and ad exchanges for open-web display advertising. The court also found that Google unlawfully tied its publisher ad server, DFP, to its ad exchange, AdX, under Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act.
The ruling was narrower than a finding that Google monopolized all advertising or all online advertising. The court dismissed the separate Section 2 claim concerning the advertiser ad-network market. The DOJ case page links the relevant filings and identifies the case as United States, Commonwealth of Virginia, State of California, State of Colorado, State of Connecticut, State of New Jersey, State of New York, State of Rhode Island and State of Tennessee v. Google LLC: DOJ case page.
Did the judge order Google to break up its ad business?
No. The plaintiffs sought structural relief, including divestiture of AdX and changes to DFP’s auction. The court rejected that approach, concluding that “structural remedies are neither realistic nor needed,” and adopted modified behavioral remedies instead. The remedies decision followed an 11-day bench trial at which 26 witnesses testified; those figures describe the proceedings, not the size of the market or the remedies’ effectiveness.
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#1 Best Overall
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A structural remedy would separate or require the sale of assets. A behavioral remedy leaves the businesses in place but sets rules for how they must operate, including access, interoperability, bidding and data handling. The distinction matters: the court found unlawful conduct, but did not order the corporate separation the plaintiffs requested. The DOJ’s case page provides the filings and opinions: case records.
What does the final judgment require Google to change?
The U.S. Department of Justice’s September 16, 2026 summary of the final judgment describes requirements focused on interoperability, publisher control of data, bidding rules and oversight. They do not require Google to sell AdX or open-source DFP’s auction logic.
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| Area | Requirement described by DOJ |
|---|---|
| Interoperability | Google must create and support integrations between AdX and Prebid, and between DFP and Prebid. |
| Exchange bidding | AdX must submit real-time bids to other publisher ad servers. |
| Publisher data | Publishers must be able to access and export their data from DFP and AdX. |
| Advertiser bidding | AdWords may not bid preferentially into AdX or other Google ad-tech tools based on Google’s ownership, and may not bid directly into DFP. |
| Compliance oversight | A monitor and technical committee will oversee compliance for six years. |
These terms are the DOJ’s description of the judgment; see its September 16, 2026 announcement for the summary.
What are DFP, AdX and Prebid?
- DFP: Google’s publisher ad server, the tool publishers use to manage and serve advertising on their sites.
- AdX: Google’s ad exchange, which connects advertising inventory with buyers.
- Prebid: A system used to connect publishers with multiple demand sources through header bidding. The judgment’s required integrations are intended to make it easier for publishers to connect DFP and AdX with Prebid.
- AdWords: Google’s advertiser-side buying tool, addressed by the judgment’s restrictions on preferential and direct bidding.
How could the remedies affect publishers and advertisers?
For publishers
Required integrations and real-time AdX bids to other publisher ad servers could make it easier to include competing systems in the process of selling ad inventory. Data access and export requirements give publishers a defined right to retrieve their DFP and AdX data. The judgment sets obligations; it does not establish how quickly each integration will be implemented or what commercial results publishers will see.
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For advertisers
The AdWords bidding restrictions address the advantage that could arise from Google favoring its own ad-tech tools because of common ownership. The judgment does not prohibit advertisers from using Google products generally, and the liability decision did not find Google monopolized every advertiser-side market.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What happens next?
The DOJ case page records that the proceeding opened on January 24, 2023, and links the liability opinion, remedy filings and judgment. The remedy terms include six years of monitoring. The reviewed public materials do not establish whether a later appeal or stay has changed implementation, so readers should check the latest court filings for the case rather than assume a particular rollout schedule.
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The case also illustrates the difference between winning an antitrust liability ruling and obtaining the remedy a plaintiff requests: Google was found liable in two defined markets and for the DFP–AdX tie, while the court chose conduct rules over a breakup.
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