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Cloud security is shared, but it is not evenly divided. Your provider protects the underlying facilities, hardware, and managed platform components; you remain accountable for the data, identities, configurations, applications, and cloud services you control. The boundary changes with each service and deployment model, so an IaaS workload leaves you with substantially more operating-system and monitoring work than a SaaS subscription. A secure program documents that boundary, assigns named owners, collects trustworthy activity logs, tests incident response, and maintains evidence for both inherited provider controls and your own controls.
What is the cloud shared-responsibility model?
The shared-responsibility model defines which security tasks belong to the cloud provider and which belong to the customer. The UK National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) describes cloud security as a joint responsibility and says customers are always responsible for ensuring that a service meets their security needs, configuring the service securely, and deciding what data to store in it. Amazon Web Services (AWS) expresses the same idea as security of the cloud (provider infrastructure) and security in the cloud (customer workloads and configuration).
Responsibility is therefore a boundary to verify, not a generic contract. It changes by service, deployment model, region, configuration, data sensitivity, business requirements, and applicable law. A provider’s managed-service label can reduce operational work, but it never transfers your accountability for how your tenant is used.
Which security tasks belong to the provider and which belong to the customer?
Use the matrix below as a planning aid, then confirm the exact division in the security documentation for each service. “Split” means the provider secures its portion while you secure the portion you configure or operate.
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| Control area | IaaS | PaaS | SaaS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Facilities and physical hardware | Provider | Provider | Provider |
| Foundational networking and virtualization | Provider | Provider | Provider |
| Guest operating system | Customer | Provider | Provider |
| Runtime and platform software | Customer | Provider, with service-specific customer settings | Provider |
| Application code | Customer | Customer | Provider, with customer-controlled integrations and settings |
| Identity and access | Split; customer defines users, roles, and permissions | Split; customer defines users, roles, and permissions | Split; customer controls accounts, roles, and tenant access |
| Data and retention decisions | Customer | Customer | Customer |
| Encryption keys | Split; depends on the key-management design | Split; depends on the service | Split; depends on available customer key controls |
| Logging and monitoring | Split, with more customer collection and analysis | Split, using the telemetry the service exposes | Split, using tenant and integration logs the service provides |
| Incident response | Split; customer responds to its workload and provider to its infrastructure | Split; exact hand-offs are service-specific | Split; customer handles tenant misuse and provider handles platform incidents |
Do not treat a row marked “provider” as proof that your environment is secure. For example, a provider can operate a reliable identity platform while your administrators grant excessive privileges, leave dormant accounts active, or expose an application publicly.
What am I responsible for in IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS?
What remains my responsibility in IaaS?
Infrastructure as a service supplies foundational compute, storage, and networking. You normally manage the guest operating system, patching, application stack, identity, firewall rules, logging, and monitoring. You also choose the data stored and configure backups, encryption, network segmentation, and administrative access. A vulnerable package, open security group, or compromised administrator is generally your operational problem even though the provider owns the physical server.
Use managed components for storage, identity, data-flow controls, logging, and monitoring where practical. They can reduce the amount of software you must patch and make controls more consistent, but review the service’s settings and telemetry before assuming the risk has moved.
How does PaaS change the boundary?
Platform as a service moves more operating-system and runtime maintenance to the provider. You still own application code, identities, data, configuration, network exposure, and service-specific security settings. A platform may automatically patch its runtime while leaving you responsible for an insecure dependency in your code, an over-permissive service account, or a publicly readable data store.
Read the service-specific responsibility statement rather than relying on a generic PaaS diagram. Two platforms can expose different logging, key-management, backup, and network-control features.
What is still my duty in SaaS?
Software as a service delegates most infrastructure and platform operation to the provider. You still control users, groups, authentication methods, tenant configuration, data classification, retention, sharing settings, and integrations with your environment. You must remove leavers promptly, review privileged roles, restrict external sharing, and decide whether the provider’s retention and export capabilities meet your obligations.
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A managed service can make behavior more consistent and easier to monitor, but it does not eliminate customer duties. If a user uploads regulated data to the wrong tenant or an integration receives excessive permissions, the provider’s infrastructure certification does not make that decision compliant.
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Create a responsibility matrix for the exact provider service, edition, and configuration instead of copying a generic cloud diagram. The following process gives auditors and operators the same practical reference.
- Describe the workload. Record its data types, users, integrations, regions, recovery needs, and applicable legal or contractual requirements.
- List control areas. Include facilities, hardware, networking, virtualization, operating system, runtime, application code, identity, data, encryption keys, logging, monitoring, backups, and incident response.
- Assign an owner for every row. Name a provider, internal team, managed-service provider (MSP), or shared owner. “Security team” without a named accountable role is not an operating assignment.
- Attach evidence. Link each assignment to the provider’s responsibility documentation, your configuration standard, a contract clause, or an internal procedure.
- Record assumptions and exceptions. Note regional limitations, optional security features, customer-managed keys, unsupported log types, and compensating controls.
- Revalidate after change. Recheck the matrix when you add a service, change an edition, enable an integration, alter a region, or move from self-managed to managed components.
Keep the matrix close to the system inventory and make it usable during an incident. It should show who can disable a compromised account, preserve logs, contact the provider, and approve recovery—not merely describe architecture.
How should I monitor cloud activity?
Monitoring is an operating process, not a product purchase. Assign ownership, collect authoritative events, detect meaningful changes, connect alerts to response, and test the boundary against the workload’s risk. Microsoft guidance identifies governance, role accountability, logging, threat detection, and incident response as core strategy areas.
1. Assign named ownership
Document who owns identity, configuration, log collection, detection rules, incident response, and evidence collection. Define a 24-hour escalation route where the workload requires it, including who can contact the provider and who can approve containment. Review the assignments when teams or suppliers change.
2. Collect authoritative logs
Capture control-plane activity such as resource creation and deletion, authentication and privilege changes, data-access events where available, network and security events, and configuration changes. Prefer provider-generated audit logs over application guesses about what happened. Protect log integrity with restricted write access, separate storage, time synchronization, and an export path that remains available if the primary account is compromised.
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Set retention from legal, contractual, operational, and investigative needs. A short default retention period can erase the evidence needed to investigate a slow-moving compromise; an unlimited period can create unnecessary cost and privacy exposure. Document the rationale and test that logs can actually be retrieved.
3. Detect meaningful change
Prioritize alerts that indicate control failure or unusual use: unexpected privilege grants, disabled logging, public exposure of a resource, changes to encryption or network controls, unusual geographic access, and workload activity outside its normal pattern. Tune alerts to the service’s available telemetry and record why noisy detections were changed or suppressed.
4. Connect detection to response
For each high-severity alert, define escalation, evidence preservation, containment, provider notification, recovery, and post-incident review. Monitoring without an owned response path only produces an inbox. Practice scenarios such as a stolen administrator token, accidental public storage, and a provider service disruption.
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Periodically verify which events the provider detects, which events you must detect, and which telemetry the exact service exports. In IaaS, a direct customer assessment generally covers more components than in PaaS or SaaS because you operate more of the stack. Confirm that your team can obtain provider incident details and that those details arrive quickly enough for your reporting obligations.
6. Govern MSP activity
If an MSP administers the environment, grant least privilege, record the privileges and accounts issued, require strong authentication, and audit the MSP’s interactions as thoroughly as internal administrators. Establish approval and emergency-access procedures, then review supplier access on a fixed schedule and after personnel changes.
Who is accountable for compliance in the cloud?
The customer remains accountable for meeting applicable requirements even when the provider operates inherited controls. NHS England states that in-scope entities retain “ultimate accountability for compliance” and should enforce the allocation through monitoring, auditing, and contracts. A provider certification can support your assessment; it does not prove that your tenant, users, data, or processes are configured compliantly.
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How do inherited and customer controls fit together?
Build an evidence map with three columns: the requirement, the inherited provider control, and the customer control or evidence. Use the provider’s independent certifications, attestations, and audit reports for controls you cannot directly assess. The Canadian Centre for Cyber Security recommends independent third-party evidence for those controls and direct assessment for controls within your scope. AWS says AWS Artifact supplies auditor-issued reports, certifications, accreditations, and other attestations for AWS services.
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|---|---|---|
| Identity and access | Access reviews, role assignments, joiner/leaver records, strong-authentication settings | Shows that authorized access is limited and reviewed |
| Configuration | Approved baselines, change records, exception approvals, exposure checks | Demonstrates that secure settings are deliberate and maintained |
| Customer-managed components | Vulnerability and patch records for operating systems, applications, and agents | Supports controls the provider does not operate for you |
| Logging and detection | Retention settings, alert investigations, tuning records, log-retrieval tests | Shows that monitoring is active and usable as evidence |
| Response and recovery | Incident records, exercises, backup tests, recovery results, lessons learned | Proves that written plans work under pressure |
| Supplier access | MSP approvals, privilege records, session or activity logs, periodic reviews | Extends accountability to delegated administration |
Map every item to the applicable framework and geography. Keep the provider report’s scope, service list, assessment period, and exceptions with your records so an auditor can see exactly what the inherited evidence covers.
How should I compare cloud services or operating approaches?
Price and feature checklists are incomplete security comparisons. Evaluate the following dimensions for the workload and its risk tolerance.
- Responsibility retained: quantify the operating-system, runtime, identity, data, and configuration work your team must perform.
- Visibility and telemetry: verify available logs, detections, export APIs, retention choices, and access to historical events.
- Assurance evidence: check which certifications, attestations, audit reports, and control mappings cover the service and region you will use.
- Operational response: examine provider notification channels, incident support, recovery features, service-level commitments, and the customer response workload.
- Portability and lock-in: confirm whether you can export data, logs, keys, and configuration and reproduce essential controls elsewhere.
- Cost and skills: include monitoring, audit, engineering, training, and incident-response effort—not only the service bill.
Ask for a demonstration or trial export of the logs and evidence you would need during an investigation. A service that is secure in principle but cannot provide usable tenant telemetry may not meet your operational or compliance needs.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What are the most common shared-responsibility failures?
Assuming the provider secures everything
Symptom: unpatched guests, open storage, or excessive administrator access persists because infrastructure certification was mistaken for tenant security. Fix: maintain the service-specific matrix and assign customer controls to named owners.
Using a generic responsibility chart as a contract
Symptom: a team cannot explain who supplies a log, key, backup, or incident notification for the exact service edition. Fix: record the provider’s current service documentation, configuration assumptions, and exceptions in the workload matrix.
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Collecting logs without response authority
Symptom: alerts arrive but nobody can revoke access, preserve evidence, or contact the provider. Fix: attach an escalation and containment procedure to each high-severity detection and test it.
Relying on a provider certificate as customer compliance proof
Symptom: an audit file contains a certification but no access reviews, configuration records, or incident evidence for the tenant. Fix: separate inherited evidence from customer evidence and map both to each requirement.
Ignoring delegated administrators
Symptom: an MSP has broad, persistent access with little activity review. Fix: apply least privilege, strong authentication, approval, logging, and periodic supplier-access reviews.
What should I review each quarter?
- Reconfirm the provider/customer boundary for every production service and changed configuration.
- Review privileged users, service accounts, external sharing, and MSP access.
- Test that control-plane, authentication, data-access, network, and configuration logs are retained and retrievable.
- Inspect alerts for disabled logging, public exposure, unexpected privileges, and unusual access patterns.
- Run at least one incident or recovery exercise and record corrective actions.
- Refresh the compliance evidence map, provider reports, contracts, exceptions, and risk acceptances.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does moving data to a managed cloud service make my organization compliant automatically?
No. The provider’s controls may supply inherited evidence, but your organization still has to configure the tenant, restrict access, manage retention, monitor activity, and keep records required by the applicable framework and jurisdiction.
What if a cloud provider will not expose the log I need?
Treat the missing telemetry as a service limitation, not as an assumption that the event is covered. Ask whether an alternate audit feed, export, contract commitment, or compensating control can provide equivalent evidence; if not, reassess the service for that workload.
Should encryption keys always be customer-managed?
Not necessarily. Customer-managed keys can improve control and separation, but they add availability, rotation, recovery, and monitoring duties. Choose the key model that meets the workload’s threat, regulatory, and operational requirements and document who can administer it.
How long should cloud security logs be retained?
There is no universal period. Set retention from legal, contractual, investigative, and operational requirements, then account for privacy and cost. Document the decision and regularly test that older records can be retrieved in a usable form.
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The provider investigates and remediates the infrastructure or platform issue within its control, while you handle your data, tenant, users, notifications, and business response. Contracts and the service’s incident-notification process should define how information and evidence move between both parties.
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