Start by confirming the notice is real, then work out which kinds of information were exposed. What you do next depends on that. Exposure alone doesn’t mean your identity has been stolen, and you don’t need to buy a paid service. This guide covers U.S. readers and follows guidance from the FTC and HHS.
Step 1: Verify the notice and identify what was exposed
Breach notices are a common vehicle for phishing. Don’t use the phone number, link or email in the notice itself until you’ve checked it. Find the organization’s official website or phone number independently and confirm the incident there.
Then read the notice and note which categories were involved: health insurance details, medical or treatment information, Social Security number, or other personal data. The FTC says: “Did you get a notice that says your personal information was exposed in a data breach? Visit IdentityTheft.gov/databreach to learn what you can do to protect your identity.” (FTC, “What To Do After a Data Breach”). That page gives steps tailored to the type of information exposed.
If the notice offers free credit monitoring or identity protection, the FTC suggests taking advantage of it. It is optional. Enroll only through the organization’s verified official channel.
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Step 2: Decide how urgent your situation is
Two questions set your path: what was exposed, and whether you see any sign of misuse.
| Situation | What to do |
|---|---|
| Notice only, no suspicious activity | Monitor insurance statements and, if a Social Security number was involved, your credit reports. |
| Unfamiliar claims, services or bills | Contact your insurer’s fraud department and providers; request records. |
| Accounts, debts or collections you don’t recognize | Report identity theft and follow a recovery plan at IdentityTheft.gov. |
Actions by type of exposed information
Health insurance account or member information
- Read your Explanation of Benefits (EOB) statements for claims or services you don’t recognize.
- Call the insurer’s fraud department about anything irregular. If you see odd activity, ask whether changing your account number is appropriate.
- Check that bills from your providers still arrive. The FTC notes that a changed billing address can interfere with delivery.
Source: FTC, Health Breach Notification Rule guidance.
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Medical record or treatment information
- Ask your doctors, clinics, hospitals, pharmacies, laboratories and insurers for your records.
- Look for visits, prescriptions, services or entries you don’t recognize.
- Report errors to the provider in writing and attach the record that shows the mistake. The FTC says providers must respond to a correction request within 30 days and notify other providers who may have the same error.
- Keep your medical records and related documents somewhere safe.
Source: FTC, “What To Know About Medical Identity Theft” (September 2024). It says: “If you think someone is using your personal information or health insurance to get medical care or prescription drugs, take these steps to limit the damage.”
Social Security number
- Get your free credit reports and look for accounts or activity you don’t recognize.
- Consider a credit freeze or fraud alert. IdentityTheft.gov explains both.
Sources: FTC breach guidance and IdentityTheft.gov Recovery Steps.
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Medical bills or collection items you don’t recognize
Follow the recovery steps at IdentityTheft.gov. Report medical billing errors to all three credit bureaus.
If you suspect identity theft
Create a personal recovery plan at IdentityTheft.gov. The FTC also offers a Spanish-language resource at RobodeIdentidad.gov.
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Where to report what
- Suspected identity theft: IdentityTheft.gov.
- Concerns about a company’s handling, misuse or security of your health information: ReportFraud.ftc.gov (FTC, Notice of Breach of Health Information).
- Billing or claims problems: your insurer’s fraud department and the provider.
Who has to report the breach, and by when
You don’t file the breach notice yourself. Under HIPAA, covered organizations report breaches of unsecured protected health information or Part 2 records to HHS. For breaches affecting 500 or more people, they must notify HHS without unreasonable delay and no later than 60 calendar days after discovery. For fewer than 500, the deadline is 60 days after the end of the calendar year in which the breach was discovered, and they may report sooner. These are organizational duties, not consumer deadlines (HHS OCR, last reviewed February 13, 2026).
The FTC’s Health Breach Notification Rule is separate from HIPAA. It applies only to organizations within its scope, so not every app, provider or breach falls under the same rule. Covered organizations report to the FTC, which is a different process from your own reports of misuse or identity theft.
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Outside the United States
These procedures are U.S.-specific. Elsewhere, contact your local privacy regulator, health authority, insurer and identity-theft reporting service. The U.S. sources here don’t establish rights or deadlines in other countries.
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