A humanoid robot should work around people only after the complete application—not just the robot—has been assessed and safeguarded for its specific tasks and environment. Depending on the risks, that can require safety-rated stops and sensing, speed and separation monitoring, power and force limiting, and physical safeguarding. No single feature or “collaborative” label proves a deployment is safe, and the official guidance cited here does not establish a humanoid-specific certification rule.
Assess the application before choosing safety systems
Safety depends on how the robot is used, what it carries or operates, who can enter its workspace, and what happens when the task or equipment does not behave as intended. OSHA’s Technical Manual guidance treats the robot application as the object of risk assessment, rather than judging safety from a robot’s appearance or routine motion alone.
Include the full work cycle
Assess normal operation as well as setup, startup, shutdown, maintenance, collaborative tasks, foreseeable emergency events, and recovery after a stop. People may face different hazards when the robot is being taught, inspected, cleared, or restarted than during its ordinary cycle.
Account for the whole system
- The robot and its safety-related controls
- The end effector, tool, workpiece, and any carried load
- The surrounding layout, access points, and other equipment
- The people who may approach or share the workspace
- The task, operating modes, and foreseeable abnormal conditions
The assessment should determine which hazards matter, how serious contact or intrusion could be, and what response is needed when a safety function detects a problem. A control selected for one tool, load, or workspace should not be assumed suitable after those conditions change.
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Match each safety method to the hazard it addresses
ISO’s 2016 announcement on ISO/TS 15066 describes four methods used in collaborative robot systems: safety-rated monitored stop, hand guiding, speed and separation monitoring, and power and force limiting. They address different operating situations; an application may need to combine methods rather than rely on one.
| Method | What it is intended to address | What the application must establish |
|---|---|---|
| Safety-rated monitored stop | Robot motion while a person is present in a collaborative task or workspace. | When the stop is triggered, how motion is monitored, and how restart is controlled for the particular system. |
| Hand guiding | A person guiding the robot through intended motion. | How the guided mode is enabled and controlled, and what safeguards address the tool, load, and task hazards. |
| Speed and separation monitoring (SSM) | Keeping a protective distance between people and a moving robot. | How intrusion or approach is detected, how the system responds, and whether that response preserves the required separation in the actual layout. |
| Power and force limiting (PFL) | Reducing risks where contact between a person and the robot system may occur. | Which contact risks and limits are acceptable for the specific robot, tool, load, and task, as established by risk assessment. |
These are not interchangeable checkboxes. For example, distance monitoring addresses approach to a moving robot; it does not by itself establish that contact with a tool or carried object is acceptable. Likewise, a monitored stop is useful only if the conditions that trigger it and the behavior after it are defined for the application.
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Use safety-rated sensing and a validated response
For SSM, OSHA identifies safety-rated laser scanners, depth cameras, and radar as possible sensing devices. A sensor’s ability to perceive people is not, by itself, evidence that it is safety-rated or suitable as part of a safety function. Do not treat an ordinary perception camera or other general-purpose sensor as a protective device without evidence of its safety rating and integration for the intended use.
Sensing must connect to safety logic that produces the intended response. OSHA gives the general example of joint torque sensing connected to logic that slows or stops a robot. That illustrates a possible safety-related control chain; it does not establish that any particular humanoid has such a validated chain.
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Specify the response, not just the sensor
For each safety function, define what condition it detects and what the robot and surrounding equipment do in response—for example, whether motion slows or stops, whether a protective stop is initiated, and what must happen before movement can resume. The response should be validated for the configuration and task. A sensor installed without appropriate safety logic, integration, and validation is not a complete safeguarding system.
Control contact, stops, and access to the work area
Set contact limits through risk assessment
PFL is relevant when contact is possible, but a soft exterior or a manufacturer’s general label does not establish that contact is safe. The application assessment must account for the robot and the entire system, including the tool, workpiece, and load. OSHA’s technical guidance discusses force and power limiting in the context of application hazards, not as a universal safe-contact guarantee.
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Plan protective stops and restart behavior
A stop function needs a defined trigger and a controlled path back to operation. Determine how the system responds to a detected hazard or fault, who may reset it, and what conditions must be checked before restart. The presence of a stop button alone does not resolve hazards that can arise before someone reaches it or during automatic restart.
Safeguard access where the assessment calls for it
Depending on the risk, safeguards may include barriers, presence-sensing devices, or other controls. OSHA describes presence-sensing interlocked coverings that initiate a protective stop. Whether a barrier, scanner, or another measure fits depends on the particular workspace and task; a collaborative operating mode does not automatically remove the need for safeguarding.
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Use a deployment checklist before people share the workspace
- Define the task and conditions. Record the robot’s work, tools, loads, operating modes, workspace, people’s access, and non-routine activities.
- Assess hazards across the work cycle. Include setup, startup, shutdown, maintenance, emergency events, and recovery—not only normal motion.
- Select controls for identified risks. Decide whether monitored stop, hand guiding, SSM, PFL, guarding, or a combination is appropriate.
- Specify safety-function behavior. For every sensor or protective measure, identify the hazard detected, the required response, and how restart is controlled.
- Validate the integrated application. Confirm that the selected sensing, safety logic, robot configuration, tool, and workspace work together as intended.
- Review changes and non-routine work. Reassess when the task, load, tool, layout, access, or operating conditions change, and address hazards during maintenance and emergency recovery.
What standards and certification do—and do not—establish
OSHA’s current Robotics – Standards page says there are currently no specific OSHA standards for the robotics industry and lists standards including ISO 10218-2 and ISO/TS 15066. This describes OSHA’s standards listing in the United States; it does not mean that employers have no workplace-safety duties or establish the legal requirements in every jurisdiction.
ISO’s 2016 announcement describes ISO/TS 15066 as guidance for designing and implementing collaborative workspaces that reduce risks to people. Neither that description nor the OSHA material establishes that a particular humanoid model or deployment is certified to a particular standard. Certification and applicable legal obligations must be checked for the specific robot, site, and jurisdiction. Before deployment, consult the manufacturer’s safety documentation and arrange an application-level assessment by qualified professionals.
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