A custom Apple Wallet pass can store visible text, app-oriented metadata, barcode or NFC data, and operational details such as links and locations. Apple’s pass format uses a digital signature to validate a pass package, but that is not evidence that its contents or custom fields are encrypted. Don’t put secrets in visible fields or scannable payloads, and treat data hidden from the pass display as potentially accessible to the companion app or pass recipient.
What information can a custom Apple Wallet pass store?
Apple describes Wallet passes as digital versions of information that might otherwise appear on paper or plastic. Supported categories include boarding passes, event tickets, store cards, coupons, and generic passes. A pass package uses a pass.json file to describe its content, with images and optional localization files also possible; the pass style determines its layout and supported fields. See Apple’s Wallet passes overview, pass-building documentation, and Pass reference.
Visible fields and pass details
Depending on its style and configuration, a pass can display an issuer and description, ticket or boarding details, passenger or seat information, store-card points or rewards balance, terms, contact details, and custom front or back fields. Back fields can hold longer explanatory text. If a layout does not have room for a custom value, it may appear as a standalone field. Apple documents the field model in its pass fields reference and store-card guidance in Creating a Store Card Pass.
Metadata for an app
Passes can include semantic tags that help the system understand their content and suggest related actions. The pass-level userInfo property can hold arbitrary JSON for a companion app; Apple says this information does not appear to the user. Its example is a café app recording a customer’s favorite drink and sandwich. That makes userInfo useful for app workflows, but its absence from the pass face should not be mistaken for confidentiality. See Apple’s Pass reference and pass fields reference.
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Barcode and NFC payloads
A pass can carry one or more barcode payloads in supported formats. Apple’s archived design guide describes a common pattern: encode a unique identifier and have the issuer’s server look up the current record, rather than putting all authoritative business data in the barcode. This is a design option, not a rule for every pass, and the identifier itself remains scannable. Apple’s archived PassKit design guide and store-card guidance discuss barcode use.
Compatible passes can also use NFC Value Added Services (VAS) data for presentation to a terminal. Apple’s schema limits the message to 64 bytes and requires an ECDH P256 public key for the VAS protocol. NFC support requires a special Apple entitlement. These are NFC-specific provisions, not protection automatically applied to every field in every pass. See Apple’s NFC pass documentation.
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Operational information and links
Depending on the pass type, its data can include identifiers and serial numbers, web-service and authentication-token settings, locations and relevance dates, associated apps, URLs, and other supported actions. These details serve pass management and context-sensitive behavior as well as what appears to the user. Apple’s Pass reference describes the schema.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Is a custom Apple Wallet pass secure?
There is no blanket yes or no: the answer depends on what the pass contains and how it is presented. Apple’s build process hashes source files into a manifest and creates a detached PKCS #7 signature using the private key associated with the pass identifier’s signing certificate. That signature supports validation of the signed package; Apple’s cited build documentation does not describe it as encryption of the JSON or its custom fields. See Apple’s pass-building documentation.
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- Visible text: Information printed on the pass face or back is presented to the user and should not be treated as secret.
- Barcode data: A barcode is meant to be scanned. Keep sensitive or authoritative records off the code; where practical, use a lookup identifier and maintain the authoritative record on the issuer’s server.
userInfo: It is not displayed on the pass, but Apple describes it as data for a companion app. “Hidden” does not mean secret.- NFC: Apple provides NFC-specific controls, including optional authentication for each use; those controls do not establish that unrelated pass fields are encrypted.
The cited Apple documentation does not establish a complete threat model or make a broad claim about encryption at rest for all custom pass data. If you use a third-party pass generator, assess its data handling separately: Apple’s format documentation does not establish how that provider stores or processes information.
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How should pass designers limit exposure?
- Minimize pass content. Include only the information needed for the pass to work, especially in fields shown to users and in barcode payloads.
- Keep authoritative records server-side when the workflow allows. An opaque barcode identifier can let an issuer retrieve the current record without encoding the whole record in the code. Treat the identifier itself as scannable, as described in Apple’s archived design guide.
- Use
userInfoas app data, not a secret store. Apple documents it for companion-app use, not as a confidentiality mechanism. See the Pass reference. - For NFC, choose authentication to fit the use case. The
requiresAuthenticationsetting can require authentication for every use; Apple says its default is false. Implement the VAS protocol correctly, and account for the required Apple entitlement. See Apple’s NFC documentation. - Do not treat the Share-button setting as an access boundary. The
sharingProhibitedproperty hides the Share button on the back of a pass, but Apple says it does not prevent sharing by other means. It is a user-interface control, not a guarantee against copying or disclosure. See Apple’s sharingProhibited reference.
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