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Keep an AI service running through a Mumbai data-center outage by designing for failure before it happens: operate a geographically separate recovery site, replicate models and data, provide UPS and generator-backed power, maintain independent network paths, and rehearse failover against explicit RTO and RPO targets. Assign an owner and a verification test to every control. For a useful planning benchmark, IFSCA guidance for covered critical systems calls for disaster declaration within 30 minutes, recovery within 45 minutes, and an RPO of 15 minutes; those figures are targets to validate for your service, not universal guarantees.
What the checklist must achieve
An outage plan is successful only when customers can still use the service, operators can account for every write, and the team knows who is authorized to make each decision. Availability is not just a spare server. An AI platform depends on model artifacts, prompt and policy configuration, secrets, identity, queues, vector indexes, customer databases, DNS, certificates, payment systems, telemetry, and people.
Define two objectives for each customer-facing and internal service:
- Recovery time objective (RTO): the maximum acceptable time from declaring an incident to restoring an agreed level of service.
- Recovery point objective (RPO): the maximum amount of data, measured in time, that can be lost or reconstructed from a prior copy.
IFSCA guidance published in 2022 specifies a 30-minute disaster-declaration window, restoration from a recovery site within 45 minutes, and a 15-minute RPO for covered critical systems. Use those numbers as a cited benchmark when setting your own objectives, then confirm that model loading, DNS propagation, authentication, queue replay, and data reconciliation fit inside the target.
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| Service component | Example RTO decision | Example RPO decision | Verification evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inference API | Minutes, with reduced capacity acceptable during failover | Configuration and model versions current at the alternate site | Timed regional failover test and successful health checks |
| Asynchronous jobs | Resume processing after traffic is stable | Replay from a durable queue without duplicate billing or side effects | Queue-drain report and idempotency test |
| Customer data | Restore read/write access within the declared objective | Defined maximum replication lag | Checksum comparison and sampled record reconciliation |
| Observability and control plane | Available early enough to operate the recovery site | Logs and audit events retained through the incident | Login, dashboard, alert and audit-export test from outside Mumbai |
Design a recovery architecture that is independent of Mumbai
Choose a separate recovery site
Place recovery capacity in a different seismic, utility and network-risk zone rather than merely another room or building on the same campus. IFSCA guidance calls for a separate recovery site, a near site for zero data loss, trained staff and a crisis-management team. A near site can support synchronous or very low-latency replication; the geographically separate site protects against a city-wide event.
Compare sites on geographic independence, achievable RTO and RPO, data-residency constraints, available AI accelerator capacity, staffing, network-path diversity, power autonomy and proof from restoration exercises. A site that is technically distant but shares a carrier duct, power substation or DNS dependency with Mumbai is not independent enough for the failure you are planning to survive.
Replicate the complete AI service, not only the weights
Maintain recoverable copies of:
- Model weights, tokenizer files, adapters, safety filters and inference images.
- Prompt templates, routing rules, feature flags, quotas and configuration.
- Container images, infrastructure definitions, deployment manifests and dependency lockfiles.
- Customer records, conversation state, billing state, vector databases and metadata.
- Durable queues, dead-letter queues and idempotency keys.
- Secrets, certificates and identity-provider configuration in a protected vault.
- DNS zones, service-discovery records, rate limits and API-gateway policies.
- Runbooks, dashboards, alert rules, logs and access to the incident bridge.
Microsoft’s documented resilience controls include automatic replication, offsite backups, backup-restoration procedures, alternate processing sites and automatic restoration of customer services. Apply the same principle to every dependency in your inventory. A model file that exists at the alternate site is useless if the tokenizer, license key, vector index or secret required to load it is missing.
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Select a replication mode deliberately
| Mode | Use when | Trade-off | Required test |
|---|---|---|---|
| Synchronous or near-synchronous | Data loss must be close to zero and latency between sites is predictable | Higher bandwidth and write latency; a network partition needs clear consistency rules | Write-path failure and split-brain exercise |
| Asynchronous continuous replication | You can tolerate a measured lag and need geographic distance | Some recent writes may require replay or reconciliation | Measure lag under peak load and restore from a known point |
| Scheduled snapshots | Static artifacts, archives or lower-criticality data | RPO equals the snapshot interval and restoration takes longer | Restore a complete environment, not just an individual file |
Record replication lag, last successful copy, checksum, encryption status and restore owner. Alert when lag exceeds the service’s RPO instead of discovering the breach during an outage.
Power, cooling and network controls for a Mumbai outage
Power chain
Specify usable UPS watt-hours at the actual load, not the battery’s nominal rating. Document runtime at peak and normal load, battery replacement dates, remote monitoring, maintenance bypass, generator compatibility, transfer time and fuel replenishment arrangements. Test the complete chain from utility loss through UPS ride-through, generator start, transfer and return to utility.
NTT Mumbai 7 publishes a local reference pattern of 25.6 MW of critical IT load, 24 × 2,500 kVA diesel generators, N+N UPS systems and four distinct fiber paths. NTT Mumbai BSE illustrates another redundancy pattern with dual power feeds and redundant carrier meet-me rooms. These are facility specifications, not a promise that every site has the same design; use them to ask prospective operators for equivalent evidence.
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Maharashtra policy text published in 2025 describes Tier III as 99.982% uptime, no more than 1.6 hours of downtime per year, N+1 fault tolerance and at least 72 hours of power-outage protection. Treat the 72-hour figure as a stated policy characteristic to verify in the facility contract: confirm fuel storage, refuelling logistics, cooling operation and maintenance exclusions rather than assuming the rating covers your workload.
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Use at least two carriers with physically diverse building entrances, ducts and upstream paths. A second circuit that follows the same street trench is not a genuinely independent path. Keep a tested WAN failover path to the alternate site and verify that management access works when the primary carrier, VPN concentrator or identity path is unavailable.
Measure automatic detection time, convergence time, throughput under encryption, VPN support, route-policy behavior, DNS TTL effects and access to out-of-band management. Confirm that certificates, firewall rules, allow-lists and API rate limits are present at the recovery site before an incident.
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Capacity and graceful degradation
Decide how much of the Mumbai workload the alternate site must carry. Full N+1 capacity may be appropriate for a critical inference API, while a lower-cost design can queue batch jobs or serve a smaller model during a regional emergency. Define the order of degradation in advance: pause noncritical training, queue long-running jobs, lower concurrency, route to a smaller model, or restrict expensive features. Publish the customer-visible behavior and the next status-update time.
Assign incident command and communication responsibilities
Every plan needs one accountable incident commander and named deputies. Microsoft’s continuity program calls for site-specific plans with roles, contacts, notification criteria, escalation steps, restoration procedures and scheduled testing. Its business-resilience and technical-resilience plans also define dependencies, service restoration procedures and communication with the incident-management team.
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|---|---|---|
| Incident commander | Declares the incident, sets priorities and authorizes failover or rollback | Contact-tree drill and decision log review |
| Facilities lead | Personnel safety, utility status, UPS, generators, cooling and site access | Transfer test, fuel confirmation and vendor escalation test |
| Network lead | Carrier status, routing, DNS, VPN and traffic steering | Failover from each carrier and out-of-band login |
| AI-platform lead | Model artifacts, serving capacity, queues, deployments and data consistency | Cold-start model load and queue-replay test |
| Security lead | Access controls, secrets, certificates, evidence preservation and threat monitoring | Recovery-site privilege test and audit export |
| Communications lead | Internal notices, customer status updates, regulators and suppliers | Template approval and timed notification exercise |
Define the declaration threshold in plain language, such as loss of utility power with an uncertain restoration time, loss of both local network paths, or a projected breach of the service RTO. Maintain a 24-hour contact tree with alternates and non-Mumbai numbers.
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Pre-outage checklist
Assign an owner and store evidence for every item. A checked box without a timestamp, test result or named reviewer is not proof of readiness.
- Map dependencies. List model registries, artifact stores, secrets, identity, queues, vector stores, databases, observability, DNS, payment, suppliers and human escalation. Owner: AI-platform lead. Evidence: versioned dependency map.
- Set RTO and RPO per service. Record the customer impact of missing each objective and use the IFSCA 45-minute/15-minute figures as a benchmark where appropriate. Owner: service owner. Evidence: approved objective register.
- Build the alternate environment. Provision compute, storage, accelerator quotas, network policy, secrets and monitoring outside Mumbai. Owner: infrastructure lead. Evidence: repeatable deployment and access test.
- Replicate artifacts and state. Copy weights, prompts, configuration, customer data, queues and indexes; verify checksums and encryption. Owner: data-platform lead. Evidence: replication-lag report and restore log.
- Test backup restoration. Restore a complete service into an isolated environment and run inference, authentication, billing and queue tests. Owner: disaster-recovery lead. Evidence: elapsed-time report and defects.
- Validate power. Confirm UPS autonomy at real load, generator fuel, automatic transfer, maintenance bypass and cooling during generator operation. Owner: facilities lead. Evidence: signed transfer and fuel test.
- Validate network diversity. Confirm independent carriers, entrances and upstream paths; exercise WAN failover and DNS or traffic-manager changes. Owner: network lead. Evidence: route and convergence report.
- Freeze recovery-sensitive changes. Keep infrastructure definitions, model images, certificates and runbooks versioned, with emergency rollback procedures. Owner: change manager. Evidence: tested rollback.
- Exercise the contact tree. Call every role and supplier, including alternates, and record response times. Owner: incident commander. Evidence: dated drill record.
- Schedule full failover rehearsals. Run planned exercises, measure declaration, restoration, queue replay and customer notification times, then track corrective actions to closure. Owner: resilience manager. Evidence: signed exercise report.
Runbook for the live outage
- Protect people first. Follow evacuation, fire, electrical and access procedures. Do not send staff into an unsafe facility to restore a service.
- Declare the incident. Use the pre-agreed threshold, record the start time and begin RTO and RPO clocks.
- Open the incident bridge. Seat the incident commander, facilities, network, AI-platform, security and communications leads. Start a decision log and a fixed update cadence.
- Freeze risky changes. Stop routine deployments, preserve logs and telemetry, and capture the last known configuration and replication point.
- Assess the failure boundary. Determine whether the problem is utility power, cooling, carriers, storage, identity, a security event or a wider regional condition. Avoid repeated retries that could corrupt state.
- Fail traffic to the alternate site. Change the approved traffic-management or DNS record, validate certificates and authentication, and confirm rate limits, firewall rules and model availability.
- Restore state safely. Select the last valid replication point, reconcile writes, replay durable queues with idempotency protection and compare model, configuration and data checksums.
- Degrade deliberately. Queue noncritical work, lower model size or concurrency, and disable optional features according to the published priority order.
- Communicate. State what is unavailable, what workaround exists and when the next update will arrive. Do not publish an unverified restoration estimate.
- Escalate on thresholds. Notify executives, customers, regulators or suppliers when the plan’s time, data-loss or safety threshold is threatened.
Recovery and return to Mumbai
- Validate the facility. Confirm stable power quality, cooling, network paths, storage integrity, physical access and security controls before accepting production traffic.
- Reconcile both sites. Compare checksums, database positions, model versions, configuration and queued jobs. Resolve conflicts with the recorded source-of-truth policy.
- Restore in stages. Shift a small percentage of traffic, watch error rate, latency, saturation and queue depth, then increase gradually.
- Keep the alternate site warm. Maintain enough capacity to reverse the move until the primary site has demonstrated sustained stability.
- Close the incident deliberately. Record actual RTO, RPO, customer impact, decisions and control failures. Hold a blameless review, update the runbook and retest every failed control.
How to compare alternate-site, UPS and failover options
| Option | Compare | Evidence to request |
|---|---|---|
| Alternate AI site | Geographic independence, RTO/RPO, replication mode, accelerator capacity, network diversity, residency, ownership and operating cost | Recent restoration exercise with elapsed times and measured replication lag |
| Rack-mount UPS | Usable watt-hours, runtime at real load, topology, battery replacement, monitoring, bypass and generator compatibility | Load-bank or transfer test and maintenance history |
| Dual-WAN or 4G/5G gateway | Carrier independence, detection and convergence time, encrypted throughput, VPN support and management access | Failover test with each circuit disconnected |
Capacity context for Indian operators
India’s data-center capacity increased from about 375 MW in 2020 to around 1,500 MW in 2025, according to a 2026 Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology release. The same release reports 38,231 GPUs onboarded through 14 empanelled providers. More capacity does not automatically create resilience: verify that the specific alternate site has reserved accelerator, storage, network and power capacity available during a regional event rather than only normal-day capacity.
NITI Aayog’s 2026 framework advises states to assess and track seismic risk, power and network redundancy, recovery objectives and emergency operating procedures when evaluating data centers. Use those same questions in procurement and annual risk reviews.
Common failure modes and fixes
- The backup site starts but cannot serve requests: replicate secrets, certificates, identity configuration, model runtime images and feature flags, then perform an end-to-end authenticated inference test.
- Recovery loses recent customer writes: measure replication lag continuously, define the source-of-truth point and test queue replay and reconciliation.
- DNS or routing delays exceed the RTO: pre-stage records, use an approved low-TTL strategy where appropriate, and test resolver behavior from customer networks.
- Both “independent” links fail together: verify physical entrances, ducts, carriers and upstream routes with facility diagrams and a live disconnection test.
- Generators run but AI nodes shut down: test UPS, transfer switches, cooling, network rooms and storage together at representative load; do not test the generator alone.
- Operators cannot make a decision: publish declaration authority, escalation thresholds, alternates and a single incident bridge in the runbook.
- Failover works only during demonstrations: schedule unannounced component tests, measure elapsed times and close corrective actions before the next exercise.
No authoritative current incident record establishes a specific Mumbai outage duration, customer-impact total or utility-restoration estimate. Plan against measured service objectives and facility evidence rather than an assumed restoration time.
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