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Choose the Mumbai Region and a suitable instance
In the AWS console, select the Asia Pacific (Mumbai) Region, whose code is ap-south-1. Check AWS’s current regional instance availability when you launch: available instance families and sizes can change, and there is no universal instance size for an unspecified batch.
Start with a modest instance and low concurrency. Run representative URLs, then monitor memory, CPU, timeouts, and successful captures before changing the instance size or worker count. Throughput and cost depend on the pages, browser version, viewport, instance, and workload; do not assume a fixed screenshots-per-minute rate.
Install Node.js and Playwright’s matching browser
On your chosen Linux AMI, install a supported Node.js runtime, create a project, and add Playwright. Pin the package version so the browser build installed on EC2 matches the version used by the project. Install the browser binaries and required system dependencies using Playwright’s browser installation instructions. Browser downloads use hundreds of megabytes, depending on the browser.
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For a Chromium-headless-shell-only workload, Playwright documents an --only-shell installation option. Use it only if that mode suits your capture needs. If you choose a different supported browser or Chromium mode, install and launch the matching binary and channel. Avoid copying a browser cache from a different operating system.
Minimal project setup
- Install Node.js for your Linux AMI using the installation method appropriate to that AMI.
- In your project directory, run
npm init -yif the project does not already have a package file. - Install Playwright with
npm install playwright. - Install Chromium and its Linux dependencies with
npx playwright install --with-deps chromium. If using only the headless shell and that mode fits, consult the Playwright documentation for its--only-shelloption. - Save the capture script below as
capture.jsand run it withnode capture.js urls.txt output.
Capture many URLs with a bounded worker queue
This script reads one URL per line, creates one isolated browser context per capture, uses a fixed viewport, and limits concurrent jobs. It writes a PNG per input URL and a JSON-lines manifest recording success or failure and a timestamp. The concurrency and navigation timeout are example starting values, not performance guarantees.
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const { chromium } = require('playwright');
const fs = require('node:fs/promises');
const path = require('node:path');
const crypto = require('node:crypto');
function safeHost(url) {
try {
return new URL(url).hostname.replace(/[^a-zA-Z0-9.-]/g, '_') || 'page';
} catch {
return 'invalid-url';
}
}
async function capture(urls, outputDir, concurrency = 2) {
await fs.mkdir(outputDir, { recursive: true });
const manifestPath = path.join(outputDir, 'manifest.jsonl');
const browser = await chromium.launch({ headless: true });
let next = 0;
async function record(entry) {
await fs.appendFile(manifestPath, JSON.stringify(entry) + 'n');
}
async function worker() {
while (true) {
const index = next++;
if (index >= urls.length) return;
const url = urls[index];
const stamp = new Date().toISOString();
const suffix = crypto.createHash('sha256').update(url).digest('hex').slice(0, 12);
const outputPath = path.join(outputDir, `${String(index).padStart(5, '0')}-${safeHost(url)}-${suffix}.png`);
let context;
try {
// Validate URLs against your own policy before navigating. Do not let
// untrusted input reach private or otherwise sensitive network targets.
const parsed = new URL(url);
if (!['http:', 'https:'].includes(parsed.protocol)) {
throw new Error('Only http: and https: URLs are allowed');
}
context = await browser.newContext({ viewport: { width: 1440, height: 900 } });
const page = await context.newPage();
await page.goto(url, { waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded', timeout: 45_000 });
await page.screenshot({ path: outputPath, fullPage: true });
await record({ index, url, status: 'ok', file: outputPath, timestamp: stamp });
} catch (error) {
console.error(`Capture failed for ${url}:`, error.message);
await record({ index, url, status: 'error', error: error.message, timestamp: stamp });
} finally {
if (context) await context.close().catch(() => {});
}
}
}
try {
await Promise.all(Array.from({ length: Math.max(1, concurrency) }, worker));
} finally {
await browser.close();
}
}
async function main() {
const [inputFile, outputDir = 'shots'] = process.argv.slice(2);
if (!inputFile) throw new Error('Usage: node capture.js urls.txt [output-dir]');
const text = await fs.readFile(inputFile, 'utf8');
const urls = text.split(/r?n/).map(line => line.trim()).filter(Boolean);
await capture(urls, outputDir, 2);
}
main().catch(error => {
console.error(error);
process.exitCode = 1;
});The code uses a separate context per job to isolate cookies, local storage, and other session state. If multiple pages intentionally need the same session, use a shared context deliberately instead; contexts can be created and closed through the Browser API. Keep input controlled: URL validation here checks the scheme, but production systems that accept outside input need a policy that also prevents access to sensitive internal network destinations.
Choose what counts as a finished page
The example waits for domcontentloaded and then captures. That event does not guarantee that every image, font, animation, or lazy-loaded section has finished. Network-idle is not a universal alternative: some pages keep requests open, and a quiet network does not prove that below-the-fold content has loaded.
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For a specific site, select a deliberate completion condition, such as waiting for a known selector or a measured delay after navigation. If lazy content matters, test the page’s behavior and consider scrolling it into view before capture. Do not add a wait that assumes every site behaves the same.
Choose screenshot extent and browser context
| Choice | Use it when | Implementation |
|---|---|---|
| Viewport screenshot | You need only the visible browser area. | Call page.screenshot({ path: outputPath }) without fullPage. |
| Full-page screenshot | You need the full scrollable page in one image. | Set fullPage: true, as in the example. See Playwright’s screenshot documentation. |
| Separate context for each URL | Pages should not share cookies or other browser state. | Create and close a context for each job. |
| Shared context | Pages intentionally need the same login or session state. | Reuse a context and manage page lifecycle explicitly; shared state means one page’s session can affect another. |
| Chromium headless shell | A focused headless workload fits the shell mode. | Install the matching shell build using Playwright’s documented option; verify the desired rendering behavior for your task. |
| Other supported browser or channel | You need browser coverage or rendering that differs from the shell. | Install and launch the matching supported browser and channel. |
Keep bulk jobs bounded, consistent, and recoverable
Set concurrency deliberately
Do not create an unbounded number of pages. Each browser job consumes resources, and target sites may rate-limit or block high request volumes. The sample uses two workers as an operational starting point, not a benchmark. Increase gradually only after observing the actual URLs and instance. Playwright Test has its own --workers setting, but that controls test-runner workers; a plain Node.js script needs its own queue or semaphore. Playwright documents that workers are separate processes, each starting a browser, in its parallelism guide.
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Make outputs auditable
- Use a run-specific output directory and collision-resistant filenames; an input index plus hostname and URL hash is one option.
- Keep a manifest with the URL, timestamp, output path, and outcome so failed pages can be retried without guessing which files are complete.
- Check that expected files exist and are nonempty before treating a batch as complete.
- Store output on a filesystem with enough capacity. If artifacts need durable retention, upload them to an approved object-storage destination chosen for your retention, access, and budget needs.
- For production jobs, add capped retries for transient failures and handle browser-process crashes. Do not retry indefinitely or ignore persistent failures.
Stabilize images you plan to compare
Rendering can differ across host operating systems, browser versions, settings, hardware, and headless modes. Keep the AMI, Node.js and Playwright versions, browser binary, viewport, and capture conditions stable when comparing screenshot output. Pages themselves may vary by location, authentication, time, or automated-access protections. Respect each site’s terms and rate limits, and do not bypass access controls.
Secure the EC2 workload and close it when finished
- Use a dedicated instance and a least-privilege role for the job.
- Restrict administrative ingress to trusted source addresses. AWS’s security-group guide warns against allowing SSH or RDP from anywhere because that exposes access to all internet IP addresses.
- Treat URL input as untrusted if it comes from users or external systems. Scheme validation alone is not sufficient to prevent requests to sensitive internal destinations; enforce an appropriate network and URL policy.
- When captures are complete, stop or terminate the instance as appropriate and close other billed resources you no longer need. EC2 availability and pricing vary by instance and region; check current AWS details for your account and launch choices.
Troubleshoot common failures
| Symptom | Likely cause | What to do |
|---|---|---|
| Playwright cannot launch Chromium or reports missing shared libraries | The browser build or Linux dependencies are absent or do not match the installed Playwright package. | Reinstall the matching browser and dependencies using the Playwright install flow for the pinned package version. |
| Navigation times out | The site is slow, blocked, unreachable from the instance, or the chosen completion condition never occurs. | Check the URL from the instance, inspect the error, and choose a timeout and navigation condition appropriate to the target. Do not assume network-idle will suit every page. |
| Image is blank, partial, or missing below-fold content | The page may not have rendered yet, lazy content may not have loaded, or the site may serve different content or block automation. | Wait for a meaningful selector or site-specific condition, test any needed scrolling, and inspect the page without attempting to evade access controls. |
| Process slows down or runs out of memory | Concurrency is too high for the instance or pages retain resources. | Lower worker count, ensure each context closes in a finally path, and measure resource use before scaling up. |
| Output files overwrite one another | Filenames are derived only from a hostname or another non-unique value. | Include the input index and a URL hash or another collision-resistant identifier. |
| Some URLs fail while the batch continues | Individual sites can fail independently; a single batch-wide success flag hides partial completion. | Record per-URL status in a manifest, verify expected files, and retry only transient failures with a capped policy. |
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