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What should you do if an API key may have been compromised?
Keep two questions separate: was a model being queried to infer its behavior, and could the attacker or affected system access a credential? The first does not establish the second. Scope the investigation to credentials that were accessible along the suspected exposure path, including related cloud or workload credentials.
- Identify credentials in scope. Inventory the provider keys and related credentials reachable by the affected application, host, repository, logs, CI/CD system, or operator account. Record key identifiers, not secret values.
- Contain a key you suspect was exposed. OpenAI’s API key safety guidance says to delete the affected key in the API key dashboard. Anthropic’s Claude Help Center recommends immediately revoking a suspected compromised key from the Claude Console API keys page. Follow the current instructions for the specific provider and credential type.
- Look for unauthorized use. Review API usage, unexpected requests, and unusual spend. OpenAI also recommends checking account security history for unfamiliar activity and contacting support. Usage monitoring can reveal suspicious activity, but it does not stop requests using a still-valid credential.
- Preserve incident details. Keep relevant timestamps, key identifiers, unexpected usage or spend, provider notices, related system logs, and the containment actions taken. OpenAI advises retaining details that may help with account recovery. Do not put the exposed secret in incident notes.
- Secure the account if its access may also be affected. OpenAI’s account-compromise guidance includes changing an exposed or reused password, logging out active sessions, reviewing security history, deleting API keys, and contacting support. Apply account-level measures when they fit the suspected access path.
How do you rotate an API key without taking production down?
For routine rotation, a controlled replacement sequence can reduce outage risk. OpenAI’s API key guidance and Google Cloud’s general credential guidance recommend creating a replacement, deploying it to the services and users that need it, and then revoking the old credential. Validate the replacement in the actual workloads that depend on it before removing the old key.
- Create a replacement credential with the narrowest permissions and scope the provider supports.
- Deploy it to dependent workloads and users. Update the secret store or deployment configuration rather than embedding the value in application code.
- Verify operation. Confirm that the relevant services can authenticate and perform their required tasks with the new credential.
- Revoke the old credential once the replacement is working, then check usage for continued calls or errors.
That overlap is appropriate for planned rotation only when it is safe. If an attacker may actively possess the old key, prompt containment may matter more than avoiding a brief service interruption. Whether both credentials can remain usable during deployment depends on attacker access, provider controls, application design, and outage tolerance; it is not a universal provider guarantee. If you allow overlap, keep it brief and verify that the old credential is actually revoked.
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OpenAI recommends establishing a rotation process and using key expiration where available. The cited guidance does not establish one rotation interval that suits every provider or workload.
How do provider revocation controls differ?
“Rotate the key” does not mean the same operation for every credential. Check the provider’s current instructions for the specific credential class before assuming that deleting or disabling one secret also invalidates related tokens.
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| Provider and credential | Documented response | Operational consideration |
|---|---|---|
| OpenAI API key | Delete the affected key in the API key dashboard; review usage and contact support if needed. | For planned rotation, deploy and verify a replacement before revoking the old key, when safe. |
| Anthropic API key | The Claude Help Center recommends immediately revoking a suspected compromised key from the Claude Console API keys page. | Anthropic’s best-practice guidance also recommends regular rotation and separate keys by purpose. |
| Amazon Bedrock long-term API key | Use the documented credential controls to deactivate, reset, or permanently delete it. | Bedrock API operations require AWS credentials; those are distinct from the Bedrock API key being remediated. |
| Amazon Bedrock short-term API key | An individual short-term key cannot be deactivated, reset, or deleted in the same way as a long-term key. | Policy or session actions may block use, but affect the generating identity or session rather than only that individual key. |
| Google Cloud credential | Generate and deploy a replacement, then revoke the old credential using remediation appropriate to its type. | Some service-account access tokens cannot be revoked and remain valid until expiry; account for already-issued tokens as well as persistent keys. |
How can you prevent API credential exposure?
Keep secrets out of client apps and source control
Do not place provider secrets in browser or mobile application code. OpenAI and Google Cloud recommend routing requests through a backend that adds the credential, so the client never receives it. Do not commit keys to source control: OpenAI describes committing an API key as a common credential-compromise vector. For local development, keep any .env file out of version control; Anthropic recommends encrypted secret storage rather than local dotenv files in cloud environments.
Use scoped credentials and short-lived identity where available
Separate keys by environment, team, product, project, or feature when the provider supports it. OpenAI recommends separating keys by feature, team, product, or project; Anthropic recommends distinct development, testing, and production keys. This helps distinguish usage and limits the impact of disabling one use case. Grant each workload only the permissions it needs, and remove unused keys.
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For supported workloads, OpenAI recommends workload identity federation: a trusted workload identity is exchanged for a short-lived API token, using a dedicated service account with only the required permissions. Google Cloud also recommends considering IAM policies and short-lived service-account credentials for most production APIs. Its guidance notes an exception for production Gemini API authorization keys because Gemini API does not create resources in Google Cloud projects; check the current Gemini-specific guidance before applying the general recommendation to that setup.
Restrict, scan, and monitor
- Apply provider restrictions. Where supported, restrict keys to required APIs, IP addresses, referrers, or mobile applications. Google Cloud warns that API keys are bearer credentials, so anyone who obtains one may use it within its allowed scope.
- Scan repositories and CI/CD. Add automated secret scanning before publication and in build pipelines. Anthropic names GitHub secret scanning and Gitleaks as options and recommends CI/CD integration. Anthropic also says GitHub scans public repositories for Claude API keys through its secret-scanning partner program and that Anthropic automatically deactivates detected exposed keys. Scanning helps prevent exposure; it does not replace revocation and investigation after a known leak.
- Set usage alerts and spend thresholds. OpenAI recommends multiple spend thresholds and organization- or project-level hard limits. Enforcement is not instantaneous, and recorded spend may slightly exceed a limit, so use alerts and limits as detection and containment controls—not as a guarantee against all charges.
What to remember during response and rotation
- A model extraction suspicion is not proof that an API credential leaked; determine whether credentials were reachable or exposed.
- If a particular key may be compromised, use the provider’s credential-specific containment instructions and review its usage.
- Planned rotation and active-compromise response have different priorities: orderly replacement can reduce outage risk, while an active leak may call for faster revocation.
- Revocation behavior varies by credential type; disabling a persistent key may not invalidate short-lived credentials already issued.
- Usage alerts, spend limits, and secret scanning are useful controls, but none should be treated as a substitute for investigating a known exposure.
Provider console flows and credential behavior can change. The provider guidance summarized here was reviewed on October 4, 2026; consult the relevant provider’s current documentation during an incident.
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