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Choose the right output first
| Requirement | Playwright approach | Result |
|---|---|---|
| Selectable text, links and document pagination | page.pdf() |
PDF rendered with print CSS by default |
| A visual copy of the page exactly as captured | page.screenshot(), then an image-to-PDF workflow |
PDF pages containing rasterized images |
| Entire scrollable page as an image | page.screenshot({ fullPage: true }) |
One full-page PNG or JPEG |
| Command-line operation | playwright-cli pdf or playwright-cli screenshot |
File written by the CLI |
PDF export through the Page API is a Chromium workflow. Screenshot capture is documented across Playwright browser contexts, while page.pdf() is the direct document-export method.
Save a page as a selectable-text PDF
Install Playwright, launch Chromium, navigate to the page, and provide a file path to page.pdf(). The returned value is also a PDF buffer, so you can stream it or store it yourself when you omit path.
const { chromium } = require('playwright');
(async () => {
const browser = await chromium.launch();
const page = await browser.newPage();
await page.goto('https://example.com', { waitUntil: 'networkidle' });
await page.pdf({ path: 'page.pdf' });
await browser.close();
})();A relative path such as page.pdf is resolved from the process’s current working directory. Use an absolute path if a scheduler, test runner or container may start your script elsewhere.
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Make the PDF use screen styling
page.pdf() uses print media CSS by default. If your site has a print stylesheet that hides navigation, changes colors or rearranges cards, switch to screen media before exporting. Background graphics are disabled by default, so enable them explicitly when the design depends on backgrounds.
await page.emulateMedia({ media: 'screen' });
await page.pdf({
path: 'screen-styled.pdf',
printBackground: true
});This changes the CSS media query used for layout; it does not turn the PDF into a screenshot. Text remains represented as PDF text where Chromium can preserve it.
Control paper size, orientation and margins
Use a paper preset such as A4 or Letter, or supply explicit dimensions with units including px, in, cm and mm. Set margins as strings with units and use landscape for wide tables or dashboards.
await page.pdf({
path: 'report.pdf',
format: 'A4',
landscape: false,
margin: {
top: '16mm',
right: '14mm',
bottom: '16mm',
left: '14mm'
},
printBackground: true
});Do not combine a paper format and explicit width/height unless you have a specific reason: define one sizing strategy so the resulting pagination is predictable.
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A fast goto() can finish before a client-rendered application has populated its content. Wait for a meaningful selector, a known delay, or an application-ready condition before calling pdf(). For images, wait for the browser’s image promises when the page loads them dynamically.
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await page.goto('https://example.com/report', { waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded' });
await page.locator('#report-ready').waitFor();
await page.evaluate(() => document.fonts.ready);
await page.pdf({ path: 'report.pdf', printBackground: true });For pages that continue polling or loading analytics, waitUntil: 'networkidle' may never be the best readiness signal. Prefer a selector that represents the finished state.
Save a full-page screenshot
If the deliverable is an image, save it directly. fullPage: true expands the capture to the page’s full scrollable height rather than only the current viewport.
const { chromium } = require('playwright');
(async () => {
const browser = await chromium.launch();
const page = await browser.newPage({ viewport: { width: 1440, height: 900 } });
await page.goto('https://example.com', { waitUntil: 'networkidle' });
await page.screenshot({ path: 'full-page.png', fullPage: true });
await browser.close();
})();Omit fullPage for a viewport-only capture. The screenshot API can also return an in-memory buffer when no path is supplied.
Turn a screenshot into an image-based PDF
Playwright does not document a built-in screenshot-to-image-PDF conversion method. Capture the PNG or JPEG first, then use an image-to-PDF library or your operating system’s PDF pipeline. This preserves the visual pixels but sacrifices selectable text, normal text search and accessible document structure.
A practical workflow is:
- Set the viewport and wait for the page’s finished state.
- Capture with
fullPage: trueif the entire scrollable page is required. - Pass the resulting image file or buffer to your chosen PDF-generation library.
- Set a page size and image scaling policy so a very tall screenshot is not shrunk into unreadable text.
If the consumer needs to copy text, search, add annotations or reflow pages, use page.pdf() instead.
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Use the Playwright CLI
The official CLI provides direct commands for both outputs:
playwright-cli pdf --filename=page.pdf
playwright-cli screenshot --full-page --filename=full-page.pngWhen you do not provide a filename, the CLI generates a timestamped file. Use the PDF command for a document PDF and the screenshot command when you intend to create an image-based PDF later.
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Reliable capture patterns
Keep navigation deterministic
- Use an explicit URL and a deliberate readiness condition.
- Set a navigation timeout appropriate for the target rather than relying on an accidental default.
- Close the browser in a
finallyblock in production code so failures do not leave Chromium processes running. - Choose a fixed viewport, timezone and locale when output must be reproducible.
Handle lazy content
Full-page screenshots can expose sections that were never rendered because they were below the fold. Scroll or trigger the application’s lazy-loading behavior before capture, then wait for the final content selector. A PDF generated before those sections exist will also omit them.
Prevent clipped or unexpected pages
- Inspect print-specific CSS, especially
display: none, fixed positioning and page-break rules. - Use
printBackground: truewhen colored panels or background images carry meaning. - For wide tables, use
landscape: trueor a wider explicit page size. - Use print CSS such as
break-inside: avoidcarefully; preventing every break can create large blank areas.
Python and Node.js alternatives
The Page API is available from Playwright language bindings. The following Python example writes a selectable PDF and applies screen media:
from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright
with sync_playwright() as p:
browser = p.chromium.launch()
page = browser.new_page()
page.goto("https://example.com", wait_until="networkidle")
page.emulate_media(media="screen")
page.pdf(path="page.pdf", print_background=True)
browser.close()In Node.js, the equivalent asynchronous call is:
import { chromium } from 'playwright';
const browser = await chromium.launch();
const page = await browser.newPage();
await page.goto('https://example.com', { waitUntil: 'networkidle' });
await page.pdf({ path: 'page.pdf', format: 'Letter' });
await browser.close();Install the browser binaries required by your Playwright version and run these examples in an environment where Chromium can start. Containers may require the dependencies documented for that distribution.
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Troubleshooting
The PDF is blank
Check that navigation succeeded, the URL is reachable from the capture environment, and the application has rendered its content before export. Replace a broad network-idle wait with a ready selector and log page errors. Authentication redirects can also leave you exporting the login page.
Background colors or images are missing
Set printBackground: true. If the layout still differs, remember that print media is the default; call page.emulateMedia({ media: 'screen' }) before exporting.
The PDF looks different from the browser
Print CSS, viewport dimensions, fonts and animations can all change the result. Fix the viewport, wait for document.fonts.ready, disable or finish animations, and choose screen media when that is the intended design.
The page is cut off
For an image, add fullPage: true. For a PDF, inspect paper size, margins, overflow styles and print page-break rules. A PDF is paginated; it cannot represent an infinitely tall page as one normal sheet without choosing a custom height.
PDF export fails in a non-Chromium project
The Page API PDF workflow is Chromium-based. Run the PDF step with Chromium even if your broader test suite also uses another browser engine.
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The script hangs
Long-lived connections, service workers and analytics can prevent network-idle conditions. Use a selector or application event as the readiness signal, set explicit timeouts, and close the browser after errors.
Or skip the browser setup
ScreenshotNeo provides a single HTTP request for a screenshot or PDF. Its capture process accepts cookie and consent banners like a visitor, then removes more than 60 known consent platforms, newsletter popups and chat widgets before the shot; each cleanup step can be disabled. Bot checks and CAPTCHAs, blank pages, timeouts, failed loads and cache hits are not billed, and each response identifies the result with X-Page-Verdict and X-Billed headers. It also offers an MCP server with take_screenshot, get_page_info and capture_pdf tools for Claude, Cursor and other MCP clients.
Use the API base endpoint and your access key:
curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot" -d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY --data-urlencode url=https://stripe.com -o shot.webpPython:
import requests
r = requests.get("https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot", params={"access_key": "YOUR_API_KEY", "url": "https://stripe.com"}, timeout=90)
open("shot.webp", "wb").write(r.content)Node.js:
const q = new URLSearchParams({ access_key: 'YOUR_API_KEY', url: 'https://stripe.com' });
const res = await fetch(`https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot?${q}`);See the ScreenshotNeo documentation for the full parameter set, including PDF paper size, margins, page ranges, full-page capture, selectors, waits, custom CSS and JavaScript, headers, cookies, geolocation, caching, signed links, asynchronous webhooks and bulk capture. The free plan includes 1,000 screenshots per month with no card; paid plans start at $5 for 3,000. Create a free ScreenshotNeo account.
Cost and operational considerations
Self-hosted Playwright costs you the compute, browser maintenance and operational work of running Chromium. It gives you complete control over authentication, page scripts and post-processing. A hosted endpoint trades browser setup for per-capture billing and an HTTP integration. For either approach, cache stable pages, avoid unnecessary full-page captures, and record the URL, viewport, media mode and readiness condition alongside each artifact so you can reproduce a result.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can Playwright save a screenshot directly as a PDF?
Not through the documented Page API. Use page.pdf() for a document PDF, or save a screenshot and convert that image with a separate PDF workflow.
Does page.pdf() use screen or print CSS?
Print CSS is the default. Call page.emulateMedia({ media: 'screen' }) before exporting when the PDF should follow screen styling.
What does fullPage do?
fullPage: true captures the entire scrollable page for a screenshot instead of only the current viewport.
Quick Recap
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