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Use Aptos’s opt-in encrypted mempool whenever your wallet or application supports it. The client encrypts a transaction payload before submission, validators order the ciphertext without seeing the swap function or its arguments, and the payload is decrypted only after consensus finalizes the block. That removes the information advantage required for a classic sandwich attack. It does not hide your address or gas fields, guarantee a good execution price, eliminate liquidity risk, or make a trade anonymous.
The practical answer: turn on encrypted submission
A sandwich attacker normally needs to see a pending swap before it executes. After observing the trade, a bot submits one transaction immediately before yours and another immediately after it. The first trade moves the pool price against you; your swap executes at the worse price; the bot then sells into the price movement.
Aptos’s protocol-native countermeasure is the encrypted mempool introduced through AIP-144. Encryption is opt-in for each transaction, so a normal cleartext submission remains visible in the pending pool. A wallet or application must deliberately construct and submit the encrypted form.
Aptos identifies Petra as the first wallet exposing an encryption option in its signing flow. For developers, Aptos TypeScript SDK version 7.0.0 or later can retrieve the current epoch encryption key, encrypt the payload locally, and submit the encrypted transaction. Existing Move contracts do not need to be rewritten for this protection.
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The protection applies before execution. Once the block is finalized, transaction data is recorded on-chain and can be read like other finalized transactions.
Why an Aptos swap can be sandwiched
Pending transactions are a source of trading information
Aptos validators decide which transactions enter a block and in what order. Before agreement and execution, transactions sit in validator mempools. AIP-144 describes those pending transactions as visible to validators, creating an opportunity for a block leader to order or censor them for profit. A sandwich is one of the harmful forms of maximal extractable value identified in the proposal.
The attacker does not need to break the swap contract. It only needs enough time to read your intended function and arguments, estimate the resulting price impact, and place transactions around yours. Large swaps, thin liquidity, and generous slippage limits are especially attractive because they create more room for profitable price movement.
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What the encrypted mempool changes
With encrypted submission, the pending object contains ciphertext rather than the callable function and its arguments. Validators can include and order the transaction without knowing whether it is a token swap, transfer, or another Move call. Threshold decryption occurs after consensus, so the payload becomes available for execution only after the ordering decision is finalized.
How Aptos encrypted mempool works
- The client obtains an epoch key. The wallet or SDK fetches the encryption key for the current Aptos validator epoch. Aptos describes epochs as fixed periods of about two hours during which validator membership and stake distribution remain unchanged.
- The client encrypts the payload. Encryption happens before the transaction is sent to the network. The Move entry function, type arguments, and value arguments are inside the encrypted payload.
- The network orders ciphertext. Validators receive enough information to authenticate, charge gas, and order the transaction, but not enough to read the called function or its arguments.
- Consensus finalizes the block. AptosBFT reaches agreement on the block and its transaction order.
- Validators decrypt for execution. Threshold decryption releases the payload after finalization, allowing the transaction to execute in the agreed order.
- The finalized transaction is public. The on-chain record is no longer a pending secret. Anyone can inspect it after the block is finalized.
The trust model is tied to the Aptos validator set rather than a new private relay. Aptos’s launch announcement says no single validator, and no subset below the chain’s two-thirds honest-stake threshold, can decrypt a pending transaction. Aptos validator documentation states that AptosBFT tolerates up to one-third malicious validator nodes. The guarantee therefore protects pre-execution confidentiality against an attacker that does not control enough stake to cross the protocol’s decryption threshold; it is not a promise that every validator is honest.
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Using encrypted submission as a trader
Step 1: choose a wallet route that exposes the option
Use a wallet that explicitly offers encrypted transaction submission. Aptos names Petra as the first wallet with an encryption option in the signing flow. Wallet interfaces can change, so look for an encryption toggle, privacy or protected-submission label, or an equivalent confirmation in the signing screen rather than assuming that every transaction from the wallet is encrypted.
Step 2: enable encryption for the individual trade
Encryption is not a permanent property of your account. It is selected per transaction. Before approving the swap, inspect the final signing screen and make sure the encrypted route is enabled. If the screen shows only a conventional transaction preview and no indication of encrypted submission, treat the transaction as cleartext until the wallet documents otherwise.
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Step 3: verify the route, not just the wallet name
A wallet can support encrypted signing while a particular dApp connection, account abstraction path, or fallback provider submits a conventional transaction. Confirm that the route actually sends an encrypted payload. After submission, use the wallet’s status details or the application’s transaction diagnostics to check that it was accepted as an encrypted transaction. A transaction hash appearing on-chain proves inclusion, not that the pending payload was hidden beforehand.
Step 4: set a realistic slippage limit
Encrypted submission removes the attacker’s advance view of your intent; it does not set the price you will receive. Keep the swap’s slippage tolerance as tight as the market’s normal volatility and the application’s quoting method allow. A limit that is too loose can still produce an unfavorable fill from ordinary market movement, low liquidity, or another transaction that was already ordered before yours.
Step 5: check liquidity and trade size
Protection against information-based frontrunning is separate from execution quality. Review pool depth, expected price impact, route splits, and the amount being traded. If the quote depends on shallow liquidity, splitting the order or using a smaller size may reduce price impact, but those are trading decisions rather than encryption features.
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Step 6: allow for a small protocol overhead
Aptos reported roughly 20 milliseconds of latency overhead per block in 50-node benchmarks against production AptosBFT. The same launch material contextualized that figure with block finalization of under one second. Treat those as published network-level measurements, not a guaranteed wallet response time: signing, fullnode propagation, application routing, and congestion can add their own delay.
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Applications that submit trades directly should use Aptos TypeScript SDK 7.0.0 or later, which includes encrypted-payload support. The SDK handles the protocol sequence: obtaining the current epoch encryption key, encrypting the transaction payload client-side, and submitting the encrypted transaction.
- Upgrade the SDK. Use version 7.0.0 or a later compatible release. Confirm the version in the application’s lockfile or build output so an older dependency is not silently being used.
- Build the ordinary Move payload first. Keep the same entry function, type arguments, and arguments that the contract expects. AIP-144’s first version does not require changes to existing Move contracts.
- Request the current epoch key through the SDK. Keys are epoch-specific. Do not hard-code a key or cache it beyond the period supported by the SDK.
- Encrypt on the client before submission. Encryption must occur before the payload reaches the fullnode or any intermediary. Encrypting after sending a cleartext simulation or raw transaction does not undo the exposure.
- Submit using the encrypted transaction method. Ensure error handling distinguishes encrypted submission failures from ordinary transaction failures, because retrying through a conventional path can expose the same trade.
- Test on the intended network and route. Verify that the production fullnode, wallet connector, and dApp backend preserve the encrypted format end to end. Log transaction identifiers and status, but never log the plaintext payload or sensitive simulation data in a shared service.
Applications should make the choice visible to users. A silent fallback from encrypted submission to cleartext may defeat the user’s purpose, especially during a temporary key-fetch or endpoint failure. Prefer an explicit error and a clear retry choice.
What encryption does and does not hide
| Information or risk | Encrypted pending transaction | Practical implication |
|---|---|---|
| Move function and arguments before finalization | Hidden from validators below the decryption threshold | Removes the classic copy-and-place-orders-around-you signal. |
| Sender address | Visible | Encryption is not anonymity or address privacy. |
| Gas-fee fields | Visible | Observers can still see fee-related metadata. |
| Transaction after block finalization | Public on-chain data | Anyone can inspect the executed trade afterward. |
| Execution price | Not guaranteed | Use slippage limits, liquidity checks, and sensible trade sizing. |
| Liquidity and pool risk | Not removed | Thin pools and price impact can still cause a poor fill. |
| Wallet-route correctness | Not automatic | Confirm that the specific submission path is encrypted. |
| Simulation privacy | Potentially exposed by correlation | Simulating through the same fullnode used for submission can enable timing or statistical association with the cleartext simulation. |
How Aptos protection compares with other approaches
Aptos’s comparison places several approaches on a trust spectrum. The important question is not simply whether a service says “private”; it is who can read the transaction, who orders it, and what additional entity must be trusted.
| Approach | Who may read the trade before execution | Trust and availability considerations | Does it control execution price? |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ordinary public mempool | Validators and other observers that receive the pending transaction | No additional privacy mechanism; vulnerable to information-based ordering. | No. |
| Trusted builder or private RPC | The intermediary and parties it shares with | Adds trust in the operator and its routing or ordering policy. | Not by itself; it may reduce public visibility. |
| Trusted execution environment | Intended to be hidden inside the protected environment | Depends on hardware, operator, and attestation assumptions. | Not by itself. |
| External threshold committee | Hidden from ordinary observers, but committee members hold the decryption role | Adds an external committee and its availability and trust assumptions. | Not by itself. |
| Aptos validator encryption | Encrypted from validators until post-consensus decryption, subject to the validator threshold | Protocol-native; uses the Aptos validator set. Wallet or SDK support is required, and encryption is opt-in per transaction. | Not by itself; slippage and liquidity controls remain necessary. |
For an Aptos user who wants to reduce classic sandwich risk without routing through a separate private operator, validator encryption is the most direct native option currently described by Aptos. It is still a confidentiality mechanism, not an execution-guarantee mechanism.
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Performance, epochs and the security boundary
Published performance figures
Aptos reported approximately 20 milliseconds of overhead per block in a 50-node benchmark using production AptosBFT. Its launch announcement also described block finalization as taking under one second. AIP-144 states that batch threshold encryption is intended to support more than 1,000 transactions per second at launch. The figures describe measured or targeted network performance under the conditions stated by Aptos; they are not a promise for every endpoint, wallet, or congested period.
Why the two-hour epoch matters
AIP-144 describes Aptos epochs as periodic two-hour intervals in which validator membership and stake distribution remain fixed. Encryption keys are associated with the current epoch, so clients and SDKs must obtain the current key rather than assuming that a previously fetched key remains valid indefinitely. A wallet that has been open across an epoch change should refresh its network state before signing.
What the two-thirds threshold means
The launch announcement says that no single validator, or coalition below the chain’s two-thirds honest-stake threshold, can decrypt a pending transaction. This is stronger than trusting one relay, but it inherits the assumptions of the validator set and AptosBFT. Aptos documents tolerance for up to one-third malicious validator nodes; the encrypted-mempool confidentiality claim should be read within that boundary.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Failure modes and fixes
The wallet has no encryption control
Do not assume the transaction is protected. Check whether the wallet version and the connected application support Aptos encrypted signing. If they do not, the available choices are to wait for support or accept that the submission is cleartext; changing the swap contract will not add mempool encryption.
The encrypted submission fails during signing
Refresh the wallet’s network state and retry key retrieval. An epoch transition, stale fullnode data, unsupported SDK, or incompatible connector can prevent the client from obtaining the current encryption key. Do not automatically retry through a standard cleartext submit button without telling the user that the privacy property changes.
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The app simulates before submitting
Simulation is useful for estimating gas and validating arguments, but AIP-144 warns that using the same fullnode for cleartext simulation and encrypted submission can create timing or statistical associations. Minimize shared logging, avoid exposing plaintext payloads to third-party services, and treat simulation privacy as a separate design problem.
The trade executes at a poor price anyway
Encryption did not fail merely because the fill was unfavorable. Check the quoted price, slippage setting, pool liquidity, route, and transactions ordered ahead of yours. Encrypted mempool protection addresses pre-trade visibility; it cannot reverse ordinary price impact or guarantee that a swap will fill within your preferred range.
The user sees the trade publicly afterward
That is expected. The feature protects the pending phase. Once consensus finalizes the block, the transaction data is recorded on-chain and becomes observable.
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- Confirm that the wallet or dApp explicitly supports Aptos encrypted submission.
- Verify that encryption is enabled for this transaction, not merely supported somewhere in the wallet.
- Check that the route will not silently fall back to a conventional cleartext submission.
- Use a current wallet or, for an application, Aptos TypeScript SDK 7.0.0 or later.
- Review slippage, expected price impact, pool depth, and trade size independently of privacy settings.
- Refresh epoch state if the wallet or application has been open for a long time.
- Avoid sending plaintext payloads or sensitive simulations to unnecessary third parties.
- Remember that your sender address and gas fields remain visible and the finalized transaction is public.
What is known about sandwich losses on Aptos
Aptos’s published launch material and AIP-144 explain the mechanism and report performance figures, but they do not publish Aptos-specific totals for sandwich losses, victim counts, or attack prevalence. It is therefore more accurate to describe encrypted mempool as reducing the information advantage that enables classic sandwiches than to claim a measured percentage reduction in losses.
Bottom line
For an Aptos trade, the strongest native defense is to submit an encrypted transaction through a wallet or application that explicitly supports the feature. Verify encryption per transaction, keep slippage and liquidity limits disciplined, and treat address visibility, simulation leakage, and execution price as separate concerns. The mechanism hides trade intent during the pending phase; it does not make the trader anonymous or guarantee a favorable fill.
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