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Start with the official Solana Status page, then verify that your wallet or application is on the intended cluster and RPC endpoint. A returned transaction signature only proves that an RPC node accepted the request; inspect signature status, transaction details, simulation errors, logs, blockhash validity, and commitment before deciding whether a transaction failed or funds moved.
Fast triage: is Solana down or is one transaction broken?
Use this order because it separates a broad service incident from an endpoint, transaction, or application problem:
- Open the official Solana Status page and check Mainnet Beta cluster, RPC nodes, regional RPC nodes, Explorer, and the incident history.
- Confirm the cluster and RPC URL configured in the wallet, SDK, or application.
- If you received a signature, query
getSignatureStatuses; a signature is not confirmation. - Use
getTransactionfor the final error, logs, slot, and metadata. - Read preflight simulation output, check blockhash validity, and use the same commitment level for fetching, simulating, sending, and confirming.
- Retry only when the evidence supports it. Rebuild and re-sign after blockhash expiry, and protect state-changing operations against duplicate execution.
A green status page does not prove that every RPC node is current, and a fast RPC response does not prove that a transaction reached a confirmed or finalized block.
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The live Solana Status display currently reports “All Systems Operational” for the Mainnet Beta cluster, RPC nodes, regional RPC nodes, Explorer, and solana.com. That is a time-sensitive observation, not a permanent guarantee. Refresh the page immediately before troubleshooting and review its 90-day uptime view and historical incidents.
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If an incident affects Mainnet Beta, RPC nodes, or the region used by your application, note the incident start time and affected component. A pending transaction during that window may be a service or routing problem rather than an invalid instruction. Avoid repeatedly submitting the same state-changing action while the incident is active; wait for a healthy path or follow the provider’s incident guidance.
If the page is green, continue with endpoint and transaction-level checks. Status monitoring covers reported services, not every private RPC node, wallet backend, browser extension, or regional network path.
2. Verify the cluster and RPC endpoint
Solana has separate clusters. A transaction sent to one cluster will not appear on another, even when the wallet address and signature format look identical. Check the network selector in the wallet and the endpoint in the application configuration.
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| Cluster | Documented RPC endpoint | Typical purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Mainnet Beta | https://api.mainnet.solana.com | Production assets and live applications |
| Devnet | https://api.devnet.solana.com | Development and testing with non-production data |
| Testnet | https://api.testnet.solana.com | Protocol and validator testing |
Use an endpoint that matches the cluster where the transaction was created. Public shared endpoints can return HTTP 429 when rate-limited or HTTP 403 when traffic is blocked. Those responses indicate an access or capacity problem; they do not prove that the transaction itself is invalid.
Check the endpoint’s cluster view
Call getSlot against the endpoint you are using. A successful response gives the slot that node currently observes. Compare the result with another healthy endpoint when you suspect lag. A node that returns an old slot can supply stale blockhashes, delay signature visibility, or report a transaction as missing even though another node has already observed it.
curl https://api.mainnet.solana.com
-H 'Content-Type: application/json'
-d '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"getSlot"}'Do not mix clusters during a single diagnostic. Fetch the blockhash, simulate, send, and confirm through the same healthy cluster and, where possible, the same healthy endpoint.
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3. Understand what a returned signature means
sendTransaction submits a signed transaction to an RPC node and returns its first signature if that node accepts the request. Solana performs signature verification and preflight simulation by default before forwarding the transaction. The RPC method returns without waiting for cluster confirmation. In Solana’s wording, “A successful response from this method does not guarantee that the transaction is processed or confirmed by the cluster.”
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Treat the signature as an identifier for investigation, not as proof that a transfer occurred. A request can be accepted by the RPC, fail during instruction execution, expire before landing, or remain invisible through a lagging endpoint.
| Observation | What it establishes | What it does not establish |
|---|---|---|
| HTTP/RPC success with a signature | The selected RPC accepted the signed payload for submission | Cluster processing, confirmation, finality, or successful program execution |
getSignatureStatuses returns a status |
A node has observed the signature and can report its processing state | That every instruction succeeded unless the err field is null at the required commitment |
getTransaction returns metadata |
The transaction is available with slot, error, logs, and metadata at the requested commitment | That a different cluster or endpoint has the same view |
| Finalized status with a null error | The transaction reached the strongest normal commitment and execution succeeded | That an application-level action was economically reversible or expected by the recipient |
4. Inspect signature status and transaction details
Query the signature status
Use the signature returned by sendTransaction with getSignatureStatuses. The response includes a status object when the node has observed the signature, including a confirmation status and an err value. A null result means that this node has no status for the signature at that time; it can indicate propagation delay, an expired transaction, the wrong cluster, or an endpoint that is behind.
curl https://api.mainnet.solana.com
-H 'Content-Type: application/json'
-d '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"getSignatureStatuses","params":[["SIGNATURE"]]}'Poll with a bounded interval rather than issuing an uncontrolled tight loop. If the status remains null, query the same signature through a second healthy endpoint on the same cluster and compare each node’s slot freshness.
Fetch the completed transaction
Call getTransaction when you need the execution error, program logs, slot, balances, and other metadata. Request a commitment that matches the confidence level you need. If the transaction is not yet available at that level, the response can be null even though it exists at a weaker level.
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-H 'Content-Type: application/json'
-d '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"getTransaction","params":["SIGNATURE",{"commitment":"confirmed"}]}'Read the transaction’s top-level error before interpreting balances. A transaction can be included in a block and still fail during instruction execution. Logs usually identify the program instruction that returned the error and are more actionable than a generic wallet message.
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5. Use preflight simulation to find invalid instructions
Keep preflight enabled while developing and while diagnosing failures. Simulation runs the signed transaction against the node’s current bank state before broadcast. It can expose invalid accounts, missing signatures, program errors, insufficient funds, incorrect instruction data, and account-state assumptions that are no longer true.
A simulation failure is different from an HTTP timeout or an RPC transport error. The former is evidence about the transaction’s instructions; the latter says that you do not yet know whether the cluster saw the request.
- Account or ownership errors: verify every account, its owner program, writable status, and expected address.
- Missing-signature errors: confirm that every required signer signed the exact message that was simulated and sent.
- Insufficient funds: check the fee payer’s balance and the amount needed for the instruction and transaction fee.
- Program errors: read the simulation logs and map the failing instruction to the program’s documented error conditions.
- Stale account state: refetch accounts and rebuild the instruction rather than repeatedly sending the same message.
skipPreflight only disables this preliminary checking. It cannot repair an invalid transaction and can make diagnosis harder. Solana’s confirmation guidance says that even when skipPreflight is used, preflightCommitment should always match the commitment used to fetch the transaction’s blockhash for both sending and simulation.
6. Read “blockhash not found” correctly
Every normal Solana transaction carries a recent blockhash. Validators accept only a limited recent-hash window; the maximum processing age documented by Solana is 151 hashes. Production guidance describes practical validity as about 150 blocks, roughly 60–90 seconds, although the exact time varies with block production.
“Blockhash not found” commonly means that the node simulating or processing the transaction cannot find the hash in its recent history. Two causes are especially common:
- The signed transaction waited too long and its blockhash expired.
- The blockhash came from a node or commitment view that is ahead of the node used for simulation or submission.
Use one commitment consistently
Fetch the blockhash with a chosen commitment, then pass that same commitment through simulation, sendTransaction, and confirmation. A mismatch can make a valid-looking transaction appear to have an unknown blockhash when the simulation node is behind the node that supplied it.
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Rebuild after expiry
Once the blockhash is expired, stop resending the old signed bytes. Fetch a fresh blockhash, rebuild the message, sign it again, and submit the new transaction. You can use isBlockhashValid to check validity at a chosen commitment and getSlot or the returned block height to monitor how close the transaction is to expiry.
curl https://api.mainnet.solana.com
-H 'Content-Type: application/json'
-d '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"isBlockhashValid","params":["BLOCKHASH",{"commitment":"confirmed"}]}'Do not infer that a stale transaction failed on-chain merely because a later endpoint cannot find it. Check its signature status and the transaction’s blockhash validity before constructing a replacement.
7. Distinguish processed, confirmed, and finalized
Choose the commitment level before telling a user that funds moved. Solana exposes three commonly used levels:
| Commitment | Meaning | Appropriate interpretation |
|---|---|---|
processed |
The node has processed the transaction in its newest view; that view can still be rolled back. | Fast feedback that should not be treated as durable settlement. |
confirmed |
The block has direct votes from more than two-thirds of active stake. | Strong operational confirmation for many user interfaces, provided the error is null. |
finalized |
The block has reached maximum lockout and the strongest normal commitment. | Highest confidence for reporting a completed transfer or irreversible state change. |
A status of processed can later disappear after a rollback. A transaction at confirmed or finalized can still have a non-null execution error, so always read the error field rather than treating the commitment label alone as success.
8. Separate RPC health from on-chain failure
RPC behavior can obscure the real result. A node may respond quickly while lagging behind the cluster, or it may time out after forwarding a transaction. For production traffic, monitor more than HTTP availability:
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- HTTP error and timeout rates, including 429 and 403 responses.
- Returned slot freshness compared with another healthy source.
- Time until a submitted signature becomes visible.
- WebSocket connection recovery and subscription health.
Use request timeouts, bounded retries with jitter, and a separately operated fallback endpoint. Health checks should test both availability and slot freshness. Keep blockhash retrieval, simulation, sending, and confirmation on a healthy endpoint when possible; switching nodes halfway through the flow can create commitment and blockhash inconsistencies.
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Interpret common transport symptoms
| Symptom | Likely class of problem | Next check |
|---|---|---|
| HTTP 429 | Shared endpoint rate limit | Reduce request rate, add backoff, or use a separately operated endpoint. |
| HTTP 403 | Traffic blocked or access policy denied | Check endpoint permissions, origin controls, and network routing. |
| Timeout with no signature | Submission result unknown or request never reached the RPC | Check logs and endpoint health; do not assume the transaction was rejected. |
| Signature returned but status stays null | Propagation delay, wrong cluster, expired transaction, or lagging node | Verify cluster, compare endpoints, and inspect blockhash validity. |
| Fast response with an old slot | Lagging RPC node | Route the complete flow through a fresher endpoint. |
9. Decide whether to retry
Retrying is safe only when you know what happened to the original submission and whether its blockhash is still valid. A duplicate state-changing transaction can execute twice if the first request eventually lands.
| Evidence | Action |
|---|---|
| Preflight reports an invalid instruction, account, signer, or insufficient funds | Fix the transaction, rebuild it, and simulate again. Do not resend unchanged bytes. |
| Signature has a confirmed or finalized non-null error | Treat the on-chain execution as failed, inspect logs, then create a corrected transaction if appropriate. |
| Signature is absent or status is unknown, and the blockhash remains valid | A bounded resend of the same signed transaction may be appropriate, with duplicate-action safeguards. |
| Blockhash is expired | Fetch a new blockhash, rebuild, re-sign, simulate, and send a new transaction. |
| RPC outage or endpoint rate limit is active | Wait or switch to a healthy endpoint after checking the original signature; avoid blind duplicate submissions. |
For transfers, swaps, account creation, and other state changes, use an application-level idempotency key or a reconciliation step. Before creating a replacement, check whether the intended state change already occurred. A transaction that fails during execution still charges fees: Solana documentation states, “Fees are still charged on failure.” The documented base fee is 5,000 lamports per signature.
10. A complete recovery procedure
- Record the context. Save the cluster, RPC URL, wallet address, signature if one exists, local timestamp, commitment, HTTP status, and complete error text.
- Check service health. Review the official status page and incident history. If the relevant component or region is impaired, avoid repeated state-changing submissions.
- Confirm network selection. Match the wallet and application to Mainnet Beta, devnet, or testnet. Verify the RPC URL character for character.
- Check endpoint freshness. Call
getSlotand compare with a healthy endpoint. If the node is lagging, move the entire diagnostic flow to the healthier endpoint. - Classify the submission. If a signature was returned, query
getSignatureStatuses. If the status is available, fetchgetTransactionat the commitment you need. - Read execution evidence. Inspect the top-level error, instruction logs, slot, and metadata. An included transaction with a non-null error is an on-chain failure, not a transport failure.
- Validate the blockhash. Use
isBlockhashValidand the transaction’s block height where available. If the hash is stale, discard the old signed transaction. - Rebuild when required. Fetch a fresh blockhash using the selected commitment, rebuild the message, sign it again, and simulate it with matching
preflightCommitment. - Submit with bounded retries. Use timeouts and jitter. Keep the same signed transaction while its blockhash is valid; do not generate a replacement for every timeout.
- Confirm explicitly. Poll status and transaction details until the required commitment is reached and the error is null. Report “processed,” “confirmed,” or “finalized” accurately.
- Reconcile the application state. Check balances, account state, and your idempotency record before telling the user to try again.
11. Common failure scenarios
The wallet says “pending” but the explorer shows nothing
First confirm that the explorer is on the same cluster as the wallet. Then query the signature directly through the configured RPC and a second healthy endpoint. A null result can mean the transaction has not propagated, the endpoint is behind, or the blockhash expired. Do not create a replacement until you have checked whether the original signature can still land.
The transaction appears, but the transfer did not happen
Fetch the transaction and inspect its top-level error and logs. Inclusion in a block is not the same as successful instruction execution. If the error is non-null, the transaction failed on-chain and the fee was still charged. Correct the instruction or account state before submitting another transaction.
Simulation succeeds, but sending returns “blockhash not found”
Check that the blockhash was fetched, simulated, sent, and confirmed with the same commitment. Compare the slots of the blockhash provider and submission node. If the hash has expired, rebuild and sign; if the nodes disagree, use one healthy endpoint for the complete flow.
A retry created a duplicate action
Stop further retries and reconcile the chain state. Query both signatures, inspect finalized account data, and determine which action, if any, executed. Add an idempotency key or a precondition check so a timeout cannot cause a second transfer, order, or account mutation.
The endpoint returns 429 or 403
For 429, apply backoff and reduce polling frequency; for 403, check access policy and network restrictions. Neither response identifies the transaction’s on-chain result, so continue checking the original signature through an authorized healthy endpoint on the same cluster.
12. Operational checklist for applications
- Display the selected cluster and RPC endpoint in diagnostics.
- Log the signature, slot, commitment, blockhash, block height, HTTP status, and RPC error without exposing private keys.
- Keep preflight enabled by default.
- Use one commitment consistently from blockhash retrieval through confirmation.
- Track blockhash age and rebuild before expiry rather than resending stale bytes.
- Measure latency, tail latency, timeouts, 429/403 rates, slot freshness, signature-observation time, and WebSocket recovery.
- Use bounded retries with jitter and a separately operated fallback endpoint.
- Make state-changing operations idempotent or reconcile chain state before retrying.
- Tell users whether a result is processed, confirmed, or finalized, and show execution errors separately from transport errors.
The reliable question is not simply “Did the RPC return a signature?” It is “On which cluster, at which commitment, did the signature execute, with what error, and is the blockhash still valid?” Answering those four points prevents most false outage reports and unsafe retries.
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