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1. Install Playwright and prepare a private authentication-state file
The examples below use Playwright Test with Chromium. Install the test package and browser if the project does not already have them:
npm init playwright@latestDuring setup, select JavaScript or TypeScript as appropriate and install the browser. The examples are JavaScript; save them with a .js extension in a JavaScript project. Add the authentication directory to .gitignore before creating state:
printf 'nplaywright/.auth/n' >> .gitignore
mkdir -p playwright/.authDo not commit authentication state. Anyone who obtains a still-valid state file may be able to act as the signed-in user.
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2. Sign in once and save the browser context state
Create playwright/.auth/setup.js. Replace the example URL, selectors and login flow with the ones used by your application. The key is to save state only after successful authentication, not merely after a navigation event.
const { chromium } = require('@playwright/test');
(async () => {
const browser = await chromium.launch({ headless: true });
const page = await browser.newPage();
await page.goto('https://example.com/login');
await page.getByLabel('Email').fill(process.env.APP_EMAIL);
await page.getByLabel('Password').fill(process.env.APP_PASSWORD);
await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Sign in' }).click();
// Replace this with a stable, app-specific indication of a successful login.
await page.getByTestId('account-menu').waitFor({ state: 'visible' });
await page.context().storageState({ path: 'playwright/.auth/user.json' });
await browser.close();
})().catch(error => {
console.error(error);
process.exit(1);
});Provide APP_EMAIL and APP_PASSWORD through your environment or secret manager, not source code. Run the setup script from the project root:
APP_EMAIL='you@example.com' APP_PASSWORD='your-secret' node playwright/.auth/setup.jsIf the app supports an API-based login, Playwright can save the resulting request context state for browser use instead. That can avoid UI login, but the exact API request is application-specific.
3. Restore authentication and capture the protected page
Create capture.js. This example loads the saved state into the context that owns the page, waits for an application-specific readiness signal, and writes a full-page PNG:
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const { chromium } = require('@playwright/test');
(async () => {
const browser = await chromium.launch({ headless: true });
const context = await browser.newContext({
storageState: 'playwright/.auth/user.json',
viewport: { width: 1440, height: 900 }
});
const page = await context.newPage();
await page.goto('https://example.com/account/reports', {
waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded'
});
// Wait for the protected content, not just the navigation.
await page.getByRole('heading', { name: 'Reports' }).waitFor({
state: 'visible'
});
await page.screenshot({ path: 'signed-in-full.png', fullPage: true });
await browser.close();
})().catch(error => {
console.error(error);
process.exit(1);
});Run it with node capture.js. For the visible viewport only, remove fullPage: true or set it to false. The screenshot belongs to the page, so create and use the page in the context initialized with the state.
4. Pick the right readiness check and screenshot options
Wait for the application, not a generic load event
A navigation event confirms a browser-level event, not that the application has finished loading its protected data. After navigation, wait for a stable signal that proves the user is authenticated and the requested content has rendered. Useful signals include a known account control, a page heading, a destination URL after a redirect, or a meaningful element unique to the signed-in page. Choose a signal that the site actually guarantees.
Viewport or full page
- Viewport screenshot: use the default
page.screenshot()for what is visible in the current viewport. - Full-page screenshot: set
fullPage: trueto capture the full scrollable document. For long or dynamically rendered pages, check that content below the fold has loaded before capture.
Playwright also documents screenshot controls for image type, scale, animation handling, clipping and masking. Consult the Page screenshot API for the exact options supported by your installed release.
5. Configure reusable login state in Playwright Test
For a test suite, the documented approach is to authenticate in a setup project and point dependent tests at the saved state. A minimal configuration looks like this:
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const { defineConfig } = require('@playwright/test');
module.exports = defineConfig({
projects: [
{ name: 'setup', testMatch: /.*.setup.js/ },
{
name: 'chromium',
use: { storageState: 'playwright/.auth/user.json' },
dependencies: ['setup']
}
]
});Follow the setup-project structure in the Playwright authentication guide for your project and installed version. A shared account is suitable only when tests can safely use it concurrently. If tests mutate shared server-side data, use separate accounts and state per parallel worker to avoid interference.
6. Handle session storage, roles and expiring credentials
Session storage is not included by default
Playwright’s normal storage-state file does not persist session storage. If the application depends on it, saving cookies and local storage alone may not restore the login. The authentication guide shows capturing and restoring session storage with an initialization script scoped to the relevant domain. Do this only for the app that needs it; avoid exposing session data to unrelated pages.
Use separate state for separate roles
If one test needs two user roles, create two browser contexts, each initialized with its corresponding storage-state file. Do not switch identities by reusing one context and assuming that changing a file changes the already-created context.
Refresh expired state
Authentication state can expire or be invalidated by the application. Re-run the login setup when a restored context is redirected to sign-in or fails the authenticated-ready check. If state should disappear along with test outputs, write ephemeral state under the test project’s output directory rather than keeping it as a durable project artifact.
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Some BrowserContext options are version-specific. The API documents additions such as IndexedDB snapshot support and virtual WebAuthn credentials; check the API for your installed Playwright version and confirm that the application actually uses the mechanism before relying on those options: BrowserContext API and authentication guide.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.7. Troubleshoot common failures
| Symptom | Likely cause | What to do |
|---|---|---|
| Capture shows the login page | State expired, was saved before login completed, or was not loaded into the page’s context. | Run setup again, verify its post-login condition before saving, and create the capture page from a context configured with the correct state file. |
| Page loads but protected content is missing | The script treated navigation as proof of app readiness, or the app needs session storage or another authentication mechanism. | Wait for a unique protected-page element. Check the app’s authentication flow and add the documented session-storage handling if needed. |
| Wait times out on the account control | The selector differs from the app, login failed, a redirect is still in progress, or the account control is not visible in that state. | Inspect the final URL and page state, correct the selector or login steps, and wait for a signal the app guarantees after authentication. |
| State works locally but not in CI | The saved file may be absent, stale, or tied to an environment that differs from CI. | Run the setup in the intended environment, provide credentials through CI secrets, and avoid relying on a committed state file. |
| Screenshot omits lower-page content | The default screenshot covers only the viewport, or lazy content has not rendered. | Set fullPage: true and wait for the relevant lower-page content before taking the capture. |
| Visual snapshots differ between runs | Rendering can vary with operating system, browser version, settings, hardware, power source and headless mode. | Keep the comparison environment consistent and update reference snapshots deliberately when intended changes are made. |
8. Use screenshot assertions for regression tests
For a one-off image artifact, page.screenshot() is sufficient. For visual regression testing, Playwright Test’s toHaveScreenshot() waits until consecutive screenshots match before comparing with a saved expectation. Screenshot assertions are part of the Playwright test runner; see the visual comparisons guide. Keep the browser and host environment consistent, because rendering differences can affect comparisons.
Or skip the browser setup
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can Playwright take a screenshot while a user is signed in?
Yes. Load saved authentication state into the browser context that owns the page, wait for the protected content to render, and capture the page.
Does Playwright storage state include session storage?
No. The normal storage-state file does not persist session storage; applications that rely on it need custom capture and restoration.
Should I use page.screenshot() or toHaveScreenshot()?
Use page.screenshot() for an image artifact and Playwright Test’s toHaveScreenshot() for visual comparison against an expected image.
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