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A textile made from nanoporous polyethylene (nanoPE)—a material associated with lithium-ion battery separators—was designed to let more of the body’s mid-infrared heat escape while scattering visible light. In a 2016 laboratory skin simulator, nanoPE registered 2.7°C lower than cotton, while processed nanoPE registered 2.0°C lower. A later controlled indoor study with 18 women found lower skin temperatures in several test conditions and estimated that an air-conditioning setpoint could rise by 1.5°C, potentially reducing cooling energy by 9–15% under those specific conditions.
Those results show a promising heat-management principle, not proof that a widely available cooling shirt is on store shelves. The original material was a nonwoven research structure, and current retail availability was not established.
What the battery material is
Nanoporous polyethylene is polyethylene containing a dense network of pores measured in nanometers. The material is familiar in battery technology because thin polyethylene membranes can act as separators in lithium-ion cells. A separator keeps the electrodes apart while allowing ions to move through the cell.
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In the cooling-textile work, scientists adapted nanoPE into a fabric-like structure. The goal was not to make a battery-powered garment. Instead, the team used the separator material’s optical behavior to manage heat leaving the body. The 2016 Science study described a pore-size distribution of 50–1000 nanometers and reported processing the material into a textile with air permeability, water-wicking ability and mechanical strength intended for wearability.
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The distinction matters: a battery separator is an industrial component, whereas a garment must bend, tolerate handling, move moisture and remain comfortable against skin. The published prototype addressed some textile properties, but it did not establish a finished consumer product.
How nanoPE is supposed to cool the body
Body heat leaves partly as infrared radiation
Human skin continuously emits thermal radiation, much of it in the mid-infrared range. Ordinary clothing can absorb and re-emit some of that radiation, so the fabric becomes part of the thermal barrier between skin and the surrounding room.
NanoPE was engineered to transmit a larger share of this mid-infrared radiation. If the radiation passes through the garment and reaches a cooler environment, less heat remains trapped between the skin and the fabric. This is passive cooling: there is no fan, battery pack or refrigerant in the textile concept.
The same pores scatter visible light
A shirt that transmitted visible light would be impractical and could expose the wearer to excessive sunlight. The material’s pores are much smaller than visible-light wavelengths but still interact strongly with visible light. That combination allows nanoPE to be relatively transparent to mid-infrared body radiation while scattering visible light and appearing opaque.
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The 2016 paper summarized the idea as nanoPE being “transparent to mid-infrared human body radiation but opaque to visible light because of the pore size distribution (50 to 1000 nanometers).” In a demonstration described by Chemistry World, an H-shaped metal wire behind nanoPE remained visible, while it disappeared behind cotton. That demonstration illustrates optical transmission; it is not a substitute for a clothing trial.
Radiation is only one part of comfort
Radiative transfer does not eliminate heat generated by movement, humidity or direct sunlight. Convection, evaporation of sweat and contact with the surrounding air still affect comfort. A nanoPE garment therefore cannot be assumed to feel cooler in every climate, activity level or fit. Its proposed advantage is specifically the ability to let body infrared radiation pass through the fabric.
What the first temperature result actually measured
The widely quoted 2.7°C figure came from a device built to simulate skin temperature, not from people wearing shirts outdoors. In the 2016 Science study, the simulated skin surface was covered with different materials and its temperature was compared with cotton.
| Covering in the simulated-skin device | Reported temperature difference versus cotton | How to interpret it |
|---|---|---|
| NanoPE cloth | 2.7°C lower | Laboratory result from a skin-temperature simulator |
| Processed nanoPE cloth | 2.0°C lower | Laboratory result after textile processing, also versus cotton |
| Cotton | Reference condition | Comparator in the device, not a universal standard for all clothing |
These numbers are useful evidence that the optical design can change heat transfer under controlled conditions. They are not a claim that a person’s core temperature will fall by the same amount, nor that every nanoPE shirt would outperform every cotton shirt by that margin.
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What later testing in people found
A later controlled indoor study, published in the Building and Environment literature at approximately 2018, compared a nanoPE shirt with a same-pattern cotton shirt. It involved 18 female participants and used eight 80-minute trials at room temperatures of 23, 25, 27 and 29°C. Relative humidity was held at 60%, and air velocity was below 0.10 m/s.
In that setup, the nanoPE shirt produced significantly lower mean skin, upper-torso and forearm temperatures at 23, 25 and 27°C. The summary did not report the same significant result at every measured location and temperature, so the finding should not be generalized to all rooms or users.
The air-conditioning estimate
The same study reported that an acceptable air-conditioning setpoint could be extended by 1.5°C and estimated cooling-energy savings of 9–15%. Those are modeled or measured outcomes tied to the study’s participants, garments and indoor conditions. They are not a guarantee that a household can raise its thermostat by 1.5°C or cut its electricity bill by a fixed percentage.
Real buildings have changing humidity, air movement, solar load, occupancy and clothing. A garment may also be layered under another shirt or covered by a jacket, which would reduce the radiative path the material relies on. Any energy benefit would need to be validated in the building and climate where it is used.
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NanoPE versus cotton: the useful comparison
| Comparison point | NanoPE textile concept | Cotton in the cited studies |
|---|---|---|
| Infrared behavior | Designed to transmit mid-infrared body radiation | Used as the reference fabric; its infrared performance was not optimized for transmission in these tests |
| Visible light | Pore structure scatters visible light, helping the fabric remain opaque | Opaque in the demonstrations described |
| Moisture and air handling | The 2016 team reported air permeability and water-wicking processing goals | Common textile comparator; specific construction varies by weave and finish |
| Evidence type | Simulated-skin test plus a later controlled shirt study | Comparator in both types of test |
| Commercial status | Current retail availability was not established | Widely available, but performance depends on garment design and fabric weight |
This comparison supports nanoPE versus cotton in the cited experiments only. It does not rank nanoPE against every modern cooling fabric, mesh shirt or outdoor garment.
Why the original prototype is not automatically a product
The 2016 report described the material at that time as a nonwoven structure. Yi Cui, a Stanford professor of materials science and engineering quoted by Chemistry World, said the team wanted to develop a woven nanoPE closer to traditional textiles. That statement describes a development direction, not a confirmation that a woven commercial garment was completed.
Moving from a laboratory membrane to everyday clothing raises practical questions:
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- Opacity and color: Scattering visible light is different from producing a range of durable colors and prints.
- Moisture management: Wicking performance depends on yarn, surface treatment, fit and sweat rate, not only on pore size.
- Sun and wind: Direct solar radiation and moving air can dominate comfort even when infrared transmission is favorable.
- Manufacturing: A process that works on a small nonwoven sample must be scaled to consistent yardage and garment panels.
- Safety and regulation: A wearable material needs skin-contact, laundering and flammability assessments appropriate to its intended market.
No current off-the-shelf nanoPE cooling garment was verified in the cited material. Generic “cooling shirts” should not be presented as nanoPE products without a manufacturer’s material specification and evidence tying the garment to this technology.
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How to interpret the evidence without overclaiming
- Start with the measurement type. A temperature difference from a heated simulator demonstrates material behavior. It is not the same as a measured change in a person’s thermal sensation or core temperature.
- Check the comparator. The reported 2.7°C and 2.0°C differences were versus cotton under the simulator’s conditions. A different cotton weight, weave or moisture content could change the result.
- Read the human-study conditions. The participant study used 18 women, eight 80-minute trials, 23–29°C rooms, 60% relative humidity and air speed below 0.10 m/s. Results outside that envelope are uncertain.
- Separate comfort from energy. The 1.5°C setpoint extension and 9–15% energy estimate describe the later study’s controlled scenario. They do not predict a fixed saving for every building.
- Confirm the garment’s identity. A product must document that its fabric is the nanoPE structure studied, rather than using “nanotechnology” as a general marketing term.
What would need to happen before broad adoption
Further work would need to connect optical performance with long-term garment performance. Useful studies would test multiple sexes, body sizes, skin tones, activity levels and climates, while reporting thermal sensation, sweat evaporation and durability alongside skin temperature. Outdoor trials would also need to account for sunlight, wind and changing humidity.
Manufacturers would have to show that the material retains its infrared transmission and visible-light scattering after washing and repeated wear. Independent testing could compare the same nanoPE construction with several cotton fabrics and other breathable textiles, rather than treating one cotton shirt as representative of an entire category.
Building studies could then measure actual HVAC electricity use over a defined period. Such work would clarify whether a warmer thermostat setting remains comfortable when occupants move between rooms, leave the building or wear additional layers.
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Practical takeaway for readers
NanoPE is best understood as a promising passive-radiative-cooling material concept that originated from battery-separator technology. Its pores are intended to pass mid-infrared body radiation while scattering visible light. The simulated-skin result is substantial, and a later controlled study found measurable human differences under specific indoor conditions.
At the same time, the evidence does not establish a universally cooler shirt, a guaranteed household energy reduction or a currently available retail product. Until a garment’s material, construction, durability and independent performance are documented, treat claims about nanoPE clothing as developmental rather than established consumer performance.
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