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Crypto liquidation is an exchange-forced partial or complete closure of a leveraged position when the collateral or account equity no longer satisfies the venue’s maintenance-margin requirement. A margin call is a warning or remediation window that may come first; it is not the liquidation itself. The liquidation price shown in an app is an estimate based on that exchange’s mark-price method, maintenance-margin schedule, position and account exposure, fees, funding and contract rules. Because those inputs differ, no single liquidation formula or universal price applies to every crypto market.
What crypto liquidation means
Leverage lets a trader control a position larger than the cash posted as collateral. The position’s profit and loss changes the equity supporting it. If losses, trading fees or funding charges reduce that equity below the minimum required to keep the position open, the exchange can close some or all of the position automatically. That forced close-out is liquidation.
Liquidation protects the trading venue and other participants from an account balance becoming insufficient to cover its obligations. It is not the same as a trader choosing to stop out, and it is not a prediction that the asset will continue falling (for a long) or rising (for a short). It is a risk-control action taken when the account fails a maintenance test.
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| Term | Meaning | What the trader can usually do |
|---|---|---|
| Initial margin | Collateral committed to open a leveraged position. | Choose position size and leverage before opening. |
| Maintenance margin | The minimum margin or equity required to keep an existing position open. | Add collateral or reduce exposure before the requirement is breached. |
| Margin call | A warning or intervention period indicating that the account is approaching or has reached a required margin level. | Where the venue permits it, deposit funds or reduce positions quickly. |
| Liquidation | Exchange-initiated partial or full closure after the account no longer satisfies the maintenance requirement. | Normally no longer under the trader’s control once the close-out process starts. |
Terminology and timing depend on the venue, contract, jurisdiction and account type. Some products provide a remediation window; others can begin closing positions without a guaranteed warning.
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How a margin call differs from liquidation
The usual progression has four stages, although an exchange can combine or reorder them:
- Equity declines. An adverse mark-price move creates an unrealized loss. Fees and periodic funding can also reduce the account equity available to support the position.
- The account approaches a maintenance threshold. The required margin may depend on position size, risk tier and whether the venue assesses one position or the whole portfolio.
- The venue may issue a margin call or allow remediation. Eligible clients may be able to deposit collateral or reduce positions. Coinbase describes this as a period before liquidation for eligible clients.
- Partial or full liquidation begins if the deficiency remains. The exchange closes positions under its close-out procedure, which can include fees and other adjustments specified in the contract rules.
A margin call therefore describes a chance to correct a shortfall; liquidation describes the forced transaction. Do not assume that an email, push alert or countdown will always appear. Kraken states that notifications are not guaranteed and that thresholds can vary with market conditions. Treat any alert as urgent rather than as a promise that you have a fixed amount of time.
Why the warning may not arrive
Notification eligibility, delivery and timing can depend on account classification, product and system conditions. A venue may send an alert only to certain clients, or the market may move through the threshold faster than a message can be delivered. Keep enough collateral and risk buffer that your plan does not rely on an email.
Maintenance margin: the requirement that keeps a position open
Maintenance margin is a continuing requirement, not the amount you originally deposited. As the position changes value, the exchange repeatedly compares the equity supporting it with the maintenance amount required for that exposure. A breach can be caused by more than the visible price move:
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- Unrealized loss calculated from the venue’s mark price.
- Trading or close-out fees charged to the account.
- Funding payments on perpetual contracts or other periodic financing charges.
- A change in the maintenance-margin tier as position size or total exposure changes.
- A decline in the value of collateral used to support the position.
Binance’s futures documentation states that changes in maintenance-margin requirements directly affect liquidation prices. A larger position can therefore move into a different risk tier even if the entry price has not changed. Read the contract specification for the exact tier schedule and whether the calculation is position-level or portfolio-level.
Mark price, last price and the liquidation price
The number on a candle chart is commonly the last traded price. Liquidation engines generally use a mark price instead: a reference value derived from the venue’s index and pricing methodology. Binance says, “Binance uses Mark Price to avoid unnecessary liquidations and to combat market manipulation.” Its documentation explains that mark price is used for liquidation prices and unrealized profit and loss. Coinbase likewise describes mark-to-market pricing as the basis for unrealized PnL calculations, margin-violation checks and liquidation procedures.
The distinction matters during a fast move or a thin market. A single trade can print far above or below the broader market without changing the mark price by the same amount. Conversely, the mark price can move to the liquidation threshold while the last-trade chart appears not to have touched the displayed level.
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- Different price series: the chart may display last trade, while the liquidation engine watches mark price.
- Fast mark-price movement: a rapid jump can pass through a threshold between chart updates. Binance gives an example in which a sudden mark-price change produces liquidation at a level different from an earlier estimate.
- Estimate drift: the displayed liquidation price is calculated from current assumptions. Position size, maintenance tier, collateral, fees and funding can change it.
- Portfolio effects: on an account where positions share collateral, losses elsewhere can reduce the equity available to this position.
When investigating an event, compare the exchange’s historical mark-price series and account ledger with the liquidation record, not just a third-party chart’s last-price candles.
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What a liquidation price actually represents
An estimated liquidation price is the mark price at which the account would fall below the maintenance requirement under the venue’s current rules. Kraken defines it in those terms and cautions that the displayed value is an estimate tied to a particular contract and portfolio. It is not a guaranteed fill price, a universal formula or a permanent safety line.
The calculation conceptually solves for the mark price at which:
Collateral value + unrealized PnL − applicable fees and funding ≤ required maintenance margin.
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Inputs that can move the estimate
| Input | How it matters |
|---|---|
| Mark-price and index methodology | Determines the reference price used for unrealized PnL and the trigger. |
| Contract type | Linear, inverse, perpetual and dated contracts can use different PnL and funding mechanics. |
| Position size and risk tier | Higher exposure may carry a higher maintenance requirement. |
| Account exposure | Shared or portfolio calculations can let gains and losses in other positions affect available equity. |
| Collateral and its valuation | The amount and market value of eligible collateral determine support for the position. |
| Fees and funding | Charges reduce equity and can bring the account closer to the threshold. |
| Partial-liquidation rules | If the venue closes exposure in stages, the required margin and displayed estimate can change during the process. |
How to calculate it safely
- Identify the exact venue, contract, settlement currency and account mode.
- Record entry price, direction, quantity, leverage, collateral and any other positions sharing that collateral.
- Open the venue’s contract specification or liquidation calculator and note the current maintenance-margin tier.
- Use the venue’s mark price, not only the last-trade price, when checking unrealized PnL.
- Include accrued funding, trading fees and the venue’s stated close-out fees.
- Recheck the estimate after changing size, leverage, collateral or other positions; do not treat the original number as static.
A hand calculation can help explain the mechanics, but it should not replace the exchange’s calculator. Applying a formula copied from another platform can produce a dangerously precise-looking number that does not match the contract you actually hold.
What happens during the close-out process
Venues differ in whether they reduce a position in stages or close it in full. A partial liquidation can lower exposure enough to restore the maintenance ratio; a full liquidation exits the position. The transaction price can differ from the estimate shown before the event because the market and mark price continue moving while orders are processed.
Read the contract rules for:
- Whether liquidation starts with partial reductions or an immediate full close.
- How the venue calculates the close-out price and liquidation fee.
- How accrued funding and other charges are handled.
- Whether an insurance fund or another loss-management mechanism is used after close-out.
- What happens if the market moves so quickly that available liquidity is insufficient.
These mechanisms are not interchangeable across exchanges. A venue’s insurance-fund or other close-out policy can affect the final account result, so review it before opening a leveraged contract.
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How to reduce liquidation risk
Leave a larger equity buffer
Keeping equity only slightly above maintenance margin leaves little room for mark-price movement, fees or funding. A deliberate buffer gives the position more adverse-price room. The required buffer is personal and market-dependent; no fixed percentage is safe for every contract.
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Use less leverage and smaller positions
Lower leverage generally means a larger amount of collateral supports each unit of exposure, moving the estimated liquidation threshold farther from the entry price. Reducing position size also helps avoid crossing a higher maintenance tier.
Monitor the right numbers
Watch mark price, maintenance ratio, account equity, accrued funding and the venue’s current liquidation estimate. Set independent price and account alerts where available, but do not assume the exchange will notify you in time.
Know the venue’s intervention rules
Before trading, confirm the notification policy, who is eligible for a margin-call period, whether deposits or position reductions are accepted during that period, and whether liquidation is partial or full. Keep a written plan for adding collateral or reducing exposure; a rushed decision during a fast market is more likely to fail.
Recalculate after every material change
Adding to a position, withdrawing collateral, opening another leveraged trade, receiving a funding charge or moving into a new maintenance tier can alter the estimate. Recheck it immediately rather than relying on the value captured when the position was opened.
How liquidation rules differ between venues
There is no meaningful “standard” liquidation price across platforms. Compare the actual contract documents on these axes:
| Comparison point | Questions to answer |
|---|---|
| Mark-price methodology | Which index and calculation produce the mark price, and how often can it update? |
| Maintenance-margin tiers | What requirement applies to this position size and total exposure? |
| Partial versus full close-out | Does the venue reduce exposure in steps or close the position at once? |
| Fees and funding | Which charges are included in equity and in the liquidation calculation? |
| Notifications and remediation | Who receives a margin-call notice, and can the trader deposit funds or reduce positions? |
| Loss-management mechanism | What insurance fund or other close-out process applies after liquidation? |
For a concrete example of why thresholds must not be generalized, Kraken’s margin documentation reports an approximately 80% margin-call level for its margin product but says exact thresholds vary with volatility and product conditions. That figure should not be applied to futures, another Kraken product or any other exchange.
A practical review checklist
- Confirm that the number you are viewing is the venue’s mark-price-based estimate.
- Check whether the displayed value is position-level or portfolio-level.
- Read the current maintenance-margin tier for your size and contract.
- Account for fees, funding and collateral-value changes.
- Keep collateral and leverage choices that leave a meaningful buffer.
- Know whether the venue can partially liquidate and what fees apply.
- Do not depend on a warning message; notifications may be unavailable or delayed.
- If a liquidation appears inconsistent, export the account ledger and compare mark price, maintenance requirement, fees and funding at the recorded time.
Bottom line
Liquidation occurs when a leveraged crypto account no longer meets its maintenance-margin requirement, while a margin call is a possible opportunity to correct the shortfall first. The trigger is usually based on mark price and account rules rather than the last trade shown on a chart. Use the exact venue’s contract specification and calculator, keep a buffer, and treat every liquidation estimate as a changing, venue-specific risk indicator rather than a guaranteed price.
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