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Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteDriver Scan →Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFree Scan →Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesFind Drivers →For customers, UPI payments remain free under the framework described by India’s Department of Financial Services (DFS); merchant-side MDR is a separate charge. A DFS FAQ dated 15 September 2026 says a new MDR framework is scheduled to begin on 15 October 2026, but that date is still in the future as of 4 October 2026. The FAQ does not, by itself, establish that the framework is already operative.
Does UPI charge the customer?
The answer in the official statements covered here is no. The DFS FAQ says consumers will not be charged for UPI services, P2P transfers will remain free for both sender and recipient, UPI apps may not charge a platform fee for UPI payments, and merchants may not pass MDR on to customers as a UPI surcharge. These are statements about the framework announced in the FAQ dated 15 September 2026.
NPCI also says a customer or PPI holder pays no charge for PPI-on-UPI transactions, including when receiving one. In March 2023, NPCI clarified that interchange introduced for PPI merchant transactions did not create a customer charge; it said bank-account-to-bank-account UPI remained free. An MDR or interchange charge on the merchant side should not be mistaken for a fee deducted from the customer’s payment.
What is MDR, and when is the announced framework due to start?
MDR, or merchant discount rate, is a merchant-side payment acceptance charge. It is distinct from a fee charged to the person making a UPI payment. The DFS document, titled “Merchant Discount Rate (MDR) on Select UPI (P2M) Transactions: Frequently Asked Questions,” is dated 15 September 2026 and gives 15 October 2026 as the start date for its framework. Because that date had not arrived on 4 October 2026, the rates below are announced terms, not fees established here as already in force.
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The FAQ says NPCI’s UPI and Services Steering Committee decides operational parameters, fee-distribution models and category caps. The table summarizes the FAQ’s announced rates and descriptions:
| Transaction or merchant classification | Announced MDR | Who is charged |
|---|---|---|
| General P2M payment up to ₹2,000 | No MDR | Merchant side; the FAQ says customers are not charged |
| General P2M payment above ₹2,000 | 0.4%; capped at ₹300 for transactions of ₹75,000 or more | Merchant side |
| Specified sectors, including railways, telecom, insurance and fuel, above ₹2,000 | ₹5 flat MDR | Merchant side |
| Capital-market transactions | 0.02%, capped at ₹300 | Merchant side |
| P2PM small merchants | Zero MDR, according to the FAQ | No MDR under the FAQ’s stated classification |
All rates and descriptions in this table are from the DFS FAQ dated 15 September 2026 and are subject to its stated future commencement date; they should not be read as proof of a separate operative notification.
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Why merchant type and payment category matter
General P2M purchases
P2M means person-to-merchant. Under the announced general rate, payments up to ₹2,000 have no MDR; a payment above that threshold is described as subject to 0.4%, with the FAQ’s ₹300 cap applying at transaction values of ₹75,000 or more.
Specified sectors and capital markets
The FAQ describes a separate flat ₹5 MDR above ₹2,000 for listed sectors such as railways, telecom, insurance and fuel. It gives capital-market transactions a separate rate of 0.02%, capped at ₹300. These category rates differ from the general P2M rate, so the transaction’s merchant category matters.
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P2PM small merchants
The FAQ says P2PM small merchants have zero MDR and describes the classification as merchants with up to ₹1 lakh in monthly UPI QR collections paid directly into the merchant’s account. It also says P2PM status depends on the merchant’s overall account classification: one payment above ₹2,000 does not on its own make an otherwise exempt P2PM merchant liable under the general P2M rate. The FAQ says the detailed framework for a small-merchant fund remains to be finalized in consultation with RBI.
Can a shop add a UPI surcharge?
The DFS FAQ says merchants onboarded to accept UPI cannot pass MDR charges on to customers. It also says UPI apps may not impose a platform fee for UPI payments. So, under the FAQ’s announced framework, an MDR payable by a merchant is not permission to add a UPI surcharge to the buyer’s bill.
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Why older pages may say all UPI is free
The government’s DFS FY 2025–26 annual report records the earlier policy position that, from 1 January 2020, no charge including MDR was payable on RuPay debit-card and BHIM-UPI payments. It also discusses time-limited government incentive schemes for RuPay and low-value BHIM-UPI P2M transactions. That history helps explain older statements that UPI has no fees, but it does not establish whether the later-announced 2026 MDR terms have been finalized or implemented.
The DFS FAQ says more than 95% of P2M UPI transaction volume falls at or below ₹2,000. That statistic is reported by DFS in 2026; the FAQ does not cite an underlying dataset in the document described here.
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What to check if a fee appears
- Check whether the amount is described as a fee to you, or as an MDR payable by the merchant. They are different charges.
- Check the transaction type: P2P is a person-to-person transfer; P2M is a payment to a merchant. The DFS FAQ says P2P remains free for sender and recipient.
- For a merchant purchase, note the amount and merchant category. The announced rates distinguish general P2M transactions, specified sectors, capital markets and P2PM small merchants.
- Check the date and the applicable official notice. The DFS FAQ gives 15 October 2026 as the start date, but the material cited here does not establish a separate final operative notification or any later amendment.
Official sources
- NPCI UPI FAQ — customer charges for PPI transactions on UPI.
- NPCI March 2023 release — distinction between PPI merchant interchange and customer charges.
- DFS MDR FAQ, dated 15 September 2026 — announced rates, classifications, customer-charge statements and stated commencement date.
- DFS annual reports — FY 2025–26 policy context.
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