The Tool Desk
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What “read-only” and “approved tables” actually require
These are two separate limits. Read-only permissions prevent the agent’s database identity from changing data or database objects. An object allow-list limits which tables or views it can read. Granting read access to an entire database or schema may satisfy the first condition while failing the second.
An AI agent can produce unexpected SQL, so a prompt such as “only run SELECT statements” is not an authorization boundary. The database must reject operations and object access the agent is not permitted to perform, even if the model or its tool layer behaves unexpectedly.
Set the access boundary before creating credentials
List the data the task needs
Decide which database, schemas, tables, columns, and—if relevant—rows the agent is allowed to use. Exclude data that is merely available in the same database but unnecessary for the task. This list becomes the permission allow-list you will test.
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Choose tables or curated views
Grant access to individual tables or views when the agent needs those complete objects. Prefer curated views when it should see only selected columns or a stable reporting join. A view can reduce exposure without granting access to its underlying tables, but that depends on the database engine’s view security, ownership, and execution rules. Review referenced functions and any definer-context behavior rather than assuming every view is automatically a safe boundary.
Create a dedicated, least-privilege identity
Use a separate login, database user, or service identity for the agent. Do not reuse an application writer, developer, or administrator credential. Avoid database ownership, built-in administrative accounts, and memberships in roles that carry broader rights. OWASP’s database security guidance recommends avoiding built-in root, sa, or SYS accounts and limiting accounts to the databases and permissions they need.
Grant only the connection permission and object-level reads required by the allow-list. Do not grant write, DDL, ownership, or permission-management rights as part of the agent’s role. A grant you add is not the whole policy: also inspect inherited role memberships, broad database or schema grants, object ownership, and default or public privileges.
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Illustrative PostgreSQL pattern
This is a conceptual PostgreSQL example, not a universal hardening script. Run equivalent statements as an authorized administrator, adapt names and authentication to your environment, and review existing grants and role memberships first.
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CREATE ROLE sql_agent LOGIN PASSWORD 'managed-out-of-band';
GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE appdb TO sql_agent;
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA reporting TO sql_agent;
GRANT SELECT ON TABLE reporting.allowed_view TO sql_agent;The example grants SELECT on one view, not every object in the schema. PostgreSQL treats SELECT and modifying privileges as distinct permissions, but effective access also depends on role membership and ownership. An object owner retains inherent authority over that object, so the agent should not own the view or its underlying tables. Review function and sequence privileges, temporary-object capabilities, PUBLIC grants, and default privileges as applicable to the database and deployment.
Scope grants carefully in SQL Server
SQL Server grants at database or schema scope can apply to subordinate objects. For a finite allow-list, grant SELECT on each approved object rather than on the whole schema or database, then inspect the user’s role memberships and other covering permissions. Microsoft’s permissions documentation describes object-level SELECT as the most granular of the illustrated grant choices.
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Choose between object grants, views, and row-level security
| Control | What it limits | Best fit | Operational consideration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Object-level grants | Which tables or views the identity can access | A finite set of approved objects | Review inherited and broader grants so they do not expand the allow-list. |
| Curated views | Which columns, rows in a defined query, or joins are exposed through an approved object | Tasks needing a narrower or stable reporting surface than the base tables provide | Check engine-specific view security, ownership, referenced functions, and execution context. |
| Row-level security | Which rows are visible or modifiable within an object the identity can access | Different users or tenants need different rows from shared tables | Policies and privileged bypass paths require testing and ongoing review. |
Table or view grants answer “which objects can this identity reach?” RLS answers “which rows within a granted object can it reach?” Use both when the task requires both limits. If different users or tenants must see different rows, use database-enforced RLS or separate scoped identities and connections; a shared agent connection needs a trustworthy backend authorization context.
PostgreSQL RLS cautions
PostgreSQL policies can govern rows returned by ordinary queries and rows affected by data-modification commands. Once RLS is enabled, access must be permitted by a policy; absent a policy, the default is deny. That default is not protection against every database role: superusers and roles with BYPASSRLS bypass policies, and table owners normally do too. Do not use one of those roles for the agent. Check role membership and any security-definer functions involved. These behaviors are described in PostgreSQL 17’s row-security documentation and PostgreSQL 19’s privilege documentation.
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SQL Server RLS cautions
SQL Server implements RLS with security policies and predicate functions. Its documentation distinguishes filter predicates, which filter reads, from block predicates, which reject writes that violate a predicate. Include privileged principals and users who can manage policies in the threat model; a predicate alone does not make elevated access harmless.
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Keep the application and database controls aligned
The backend should check each tool call against the initiating user’s authorization context, expose only the operations the product needs, and reject requests outside the approved resource scope. Keep the database credential at the same or a narrower scope. OWASP’s AI agent security guidance recommends minimal permissions and backend validation of agent tool calls; its database guidance recommends read-only accounts where possible.
If the product accepts SQL generated by the model, parse and validate it as a supplementary control. Depending on the design, reject multiple statements or unsupported syntax. Parameterize data values in application queries. Table and column identifiers generally cannot be supplied as bind parameters, so use a fixed allow-list or redesign instead of interpolating arbitrary model output. These checks reduce application-layer risk; they do not replace database permissions.
Validate effective access with the agent credential
Test as the actual agent identity, not as an administrator whose permissions can conceal a misconfiguration. Record the expected allow-list and verify both allowed and denied cases.
- Connect using the agent’s real credential and confirm it can read each explicitly approved table or view.
- Attempt to read an unapproved table, schema, database, and sensitive column; each must be inaccessible under the intended design.
- Attempt INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, TRUNCATE, object creation or alteration, object deletion, permission grants, and calls to unapproved routines; confirm the identity lacks the required privileges.
- Inspect direct grants and effective rights from role membership, PUBLIC or default grants, broad database or schema grants, ownership, privileged flags, and view or function execution context.
- If row rules apply, test permitted and denied users or tenants and verify the agent is not using a superuser, BYPASSRLS, owner, or other privileged identity.
- Repeat the review when tables, grants, memberships, database versions, policies, or agent tools change.
These are checks to perform against your own deployment, not claims that a particular system has been tested.
Account for database-specific behavior
The title does not specify a database engine, version, or deployment. PostgreSQL ownership and RLS bypass rules differ from SQL Server permission inheritance and security policies; other engines have their own role, schema, view, stored-object, and row-security behavior. Use the official documentation for the engine and version you run, and verify effective permissions with the actual agent identity before relying on the boundary.
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