To limit an AI agent’s access, expose only the tools and specific resources its task requires, enforce every permission check in trusted backend code, and keep read and write capabilities separate. Add human approval for consequential actions, and isolate any code execution. A prompt that tells an agent what not to do is not an access-control boundary.
Define the task before granting access
Translate the request into a short list of resources and operations. For example, an agent asked to summarize selected documents may need to read those documents, but it does not need access to an entire drive, email account, or the ability to delete files.
- Resources: Which files, folders, records, apps, or accounts may the agent use?
- Operations: May it read, create, edit, send, share, change permissions, or delete?
- Duration: Does access need to last only for this task, or is there a justified ongoing need?
- Consequences: Which operations must wait for a person to approve them?
Apply least privilege to both sides of the connection: the tools made available to the agent and the data those tools can reach. OWASP’s AI Agent Security Cheat Sheet recommends giving agents only the minimum tools needed for their task and applying least privilege to their permissions.
Enforce permissions in the backend, not the prompt
A prompt can guide behavior, but it cannot reliably prevent an operation if the connected tool or service accepts the agent’s request. The service that performs the action should check authorization on every call, using the initiating user or session and the specific resource and operation being requested.
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- Expose a small tool set. Leave out tools the task does not require instead of relying on the agent to refrain from using them.
- Use narrow tool inputs. Limit what a tool can target, such as a specified folder or record set, rather than accepting unrestricted account-wide requests.
- Check each operation in trusted code. Apply an allowlist of permitted operations and resources before the backend reads or changes anything.
- Bind access to the requester and task. Do not let the agent use a general credential that bypasses the user’s authorization or grants broader access than the task needs.
- Reject by default. If the requested resource, action, or authorization is not covered by the policy, do not perform the operation.
OWASP’s least-model-privilege guidance describes backend-enforced permissions, narrow tool schemas, and task-scoped access as controls. The precise implementation depends on the app and agent framework; there is no universal settings screen or configuration syntax.
Separate read access from write access
If the job only requires retrieval, grant read-only access. Do not attach a write-capable tool or credential and hope the agent will avoid using it. Where the connected service supports it, use distinct scopes or credentials for reading and writing so that permission to inspect data does not automatically include permission to change it.
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For example, an email agent that summarizes messages can be given read-only email access. Sending a reply is a separate capability: keep it unavailable unless the task requires it, or route a proposed message to a person for approval before sending. OWASP’s excessive-agency guidance uses read-only OAuth access and human review before sending as ways to reduce unnecessary authority.
Put consequential actions behind human approval
Require a person to authorize actions with significant or external effects, especially sending messages, deleting data, changing permissions, or sharing files. A useful design separates the agent’s ability to propose an action from the service’s ability to execute it: show the exact action and target, then require an authorized person to approve it before the backend proceeds.
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Approval is a separate safeguard from limiting access. It does not make an overbroad credential appropriate, and it should not be treated as a substitute for checking whether the user is authorized to approve that action.
Constrain credentials and account identity
Be cautious about giving an agent access to a local account or a persistent credential that acts with the user’s full privileges. Depending on how the integration is built, local account access can let an agent perform actions as that user. Review which identity the agent uses, what that identity can reach, and whether the access can be narrowed to a task or operation.
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For enterprise identity and authorization, NIST discusses OAuth 2.0 and SPIFFE in its article Back to the Future: Why Agentic AI Needs a Strong Identity Foundation. These are mechanisms to consider in an appropriate system, not guarantees that an integration is scoped safely. The important check is what the issued identity is actually authorized to do.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Isolate code execution and limit network reach
If an agent can run code, execute it in a sandbox or other isolated environment rather than granting unrestricted access to the host. Remove commands that the task does not need and restrict network access to the destinations required for the work. These controls reduce what code can reach, but they do not replace authorization checks for connected files, apps, and accounts.
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| Control | What it limits | What it does not replace |
|---|---|---|
| Tool and resource scoping | Which capabilities, resources, and operations the agent can request | Backend checks that verify each request is authorized |
| Backend authorization | Whether a specific request is permitted for the user, resource, and operation | Isolation of code running in an environment |
| Sandboxing and command restrictions | What code execution can access or run in its environment | Permission controls for connected accounts and services |
| Network restrictions | Which network destinations execution can reach | Approval for high-impact actions or authorization to use an app |
| Human approval | Whether a person reviews a consequential action before execution | Least-privilege access or technical enforcement of other operations |
OWASP’s agent security guidance treats controls such as least privilege, sandboxing, network limitations, and human oversight as complementary layers rather than interchangeable protections.
Plan for malicious instructions in ordinary content
Files, emails, and webpages can contain instructions intended to hijack an agent. NIST describes agent hijacking through malicious instructions embedded in ordinary data sources; OWASP also identifies direct and indirect prompt injection as agent security risks. An agent may encounter such content while doing a legitimate task, so do not treat everything it reads as a trustworthy instruction.
Restricting tools, resources, and operations limits the potential damage if an agent is manipulated. Backend authorization should still reject any operation the user or task has not permitted, regardless of what an email, document, or webpage tells the agent to do.
Quick Recap
Use this permission review before enabling an agent
- List the task’s required tools, resources, and operations; remove anything not needed.
- Confirm that read access does not silently include write, send, delete, or permission-changing rights.
- Verify that the backend checks each request against the user, session, target resource, and operation.
- Check whether credentials are persistent or broader than the task requires, and narrow them where the integration allows.
- Require an authorized person to approve high-impact actions before execution.
- If the agent runs code, verify that execution is isolated and that command and network access are limited to the task.
- Test that a request for an unapproved resource or operation is denied, rather than relying on the agent to follow a prompt.
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