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Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsFix Now →Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesFind Drivers →The world’s major semiconductor fabrication clusters are in Taiwan and South Korea, with significant manufacturing networks in the United States and sites in China, Japan, Singapore, Ireland, Israel, and Germany. “Leading” can mean advanced process capability, wafer capacity, or strategic reach; the locations below are a representative overview, not a single ranked list. Facility status also varies: some sites are operating, while others are still being built or expanded.
Where are the main semiconductor fab clusters?
Taiwan and South Korea stand out in the company disclosures covered here. The United States has several manufacturers’ sites, while important facilities and projects are spread across Europe and Asia. A fab’s location alone does not indicate its capacity or the sophistication of the processes it produces.
Taiwan
TSMC’s Taiwanese network includes sites in Hsinchu, Tainan, and Kaohsiung, across northern, central, and southern parts of the island. Its 2025 annual report says annual capacity across facilities managed by TSMC and its subsidiaries exceeded 17 million 12-inch-equivalent wafers. That is a company-wide capacity figure, not the output or capacity of any one fab.
South Korea
Samsung Foundry identifies manufacturing sites at Giheung, Hwaseong, and Pyeongtaek. Samsung says Hwaseong produces processes from 10 nm to 3 nm and that Pyeongtaek mass-produces advanced nodes. These are company descriptions, not a basis for ranking Samsung against other manufacturers on a common measure.
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United States
Several manufacturers operate or are developing U.S. sites. Intel lists production locations in Chandler, Arizona; Rio Rancho, New Mexico; and Hillsboro, Oregon. Samsung Foundry lists Austin and Taylor, Texas. TSMC’s first Arizona facility, in Phoenix, entered volume production of 4 nm in the fourth quarter of 2024. In its 2025 report, TSMC described a second Arizona facility as built with facility systems being installed, and a third as under construction.
Europe and Israel
Intel lists Leixlip in Ireland and Jerusalem and Kiryat Gat in Israel among its production-fab locations. In Germany, GlobalFoundries describes its Dresden site as a high-volume manufacturing location serving long-lifecycle applications. Separately, TSMC’s 2025 report described its specialty-technology Dresden fab as under construction. These are distinct operations and projects, not one shared Dresden facility.
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China and Japan
TSMC’s fab directory lists Nanjing, China. In Japan, JASM’s first Kumamoto fab began volume production at the end of 2024, according to TSMC’s 2025 report. Construction of a second Kumamoto fab began in 2025; TSMC said it was planned to use 3 nm technology, which is a plan rather than a description of a process already operating there.
Singapore
GlobalFoundries identifies Singapore as a high-mix, high-volume hub for specialty technologies, and UMC lists Fab 12i there. In an April 2025 release, UMC described a new Singapore facility adjacent to its existing Pasir Ris fab, designed for 22 nm and 28 nm manufacturing. The release establishes the project and its design targets, not that the facility is now in production.
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Which manufacturers operate fabs in these locations?
| Manufacturer | Locations identified | What the disclosures establish |
|---|---|---|
| TSMC | Taiwan (Hsinchu, Tainan, Kaohsiung); Phoenix, United States; Nanjing, China; Kumamoto, Japan; Dresden, Germany | Established Taiwanese network; Arizona first facility in 4 nm volume production from Q4 2024; first Kumamoto fab in volume production from late 2024. The second Kumamoto fab and Dresden fab were described as projects under construction in the 2025 report; the second Arizona facility was installing systems and a third was under construction. |
| Samsung Foundry | Giheung, Hwaseong, and Pyeongtaek, South Korea; Austin and Taylor, Texas | Samsung identifies these manufacturing locations. It describes Hwaseong as producing 10 nm to 3 nm processes and Pyeongtaek as mass-producing advanced nodes. |
| Intel | Chandler, Arizona; Rio Rancho, New Mexico; Hillsboro, Oregon; Leixlip, Ireland; Jerusalem and Kiryat Gat, Israel | These are among Intel’s stated production-fab locations. Intel reported 15 production wafer fabs at 10 worldwide locations on a page last reviewed February 6, 2025; the locations listed here are not a complete list of those 10. |
| GlobalFoundries | Dresden, Germany; Singapore | GlobalFoundries describes Dresden as a high-volume manufacturing location for long-lifecycle applications and Singapore as a high-mix, high-volume specialty-technology hub. |
| UMC | Fab 12i in Singapore; 12 production fabs across Asia | UMC’s Fab Information page identifies 12 production fabs across Asia, including four advanced 12-inch fabs. Its April 2025 release described a new Singapore facility designed for 22 nm and 28 nm manufacturing. |
Can these figures show which company makes the most chips?
No. The published figures have different scopes and units, so they do not form a comparable ranking. TSMC reported more than 17 million 12-inch-equivalent wafers of annual capacity in 2025 across facilities managed by the company and its subsidiaries. Intel stated that it had 15 production wafer fabs at 10 locations worldwide on a page last reviewed February 6, 2025. UMC’s current Fab Information page states that it has 12 wafer fabs in production across Asia. A wafer-equivalent capacity figure, a count of production fabs and a count of fabs across a region measure different things.
Process-node labels are not a substitute for that missing comparison. A node label does not by itself tell you a site’s wafer output, yield, product mix, or overall performance. The company statements about process technologies describe specific capabilities; they do not establish a standardized global ranking.
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How to check a specific fab’s status
Fab location and status can change as projects are built, ramped, or brought into production. For a specific site, check the operator’s latest disclosure and distinguish among these stages:
- Operating or in volume production: the company has stated that manufacturing is underway at the site, as with TSMC’s first Arizona facility and JASM’s first Kumamoto fab.
- Installing systems or ramping: construction may be substantially advanced, but that does not establish volume production.
- Under construction or announced: the facility is a project; a planned process node or target should not be described as current production.
For site-by-site coverage beyond this overview, SEMI describes World Fab Watch as a searchable database of current and future front-end fabs, with information including locations and wafer sizes.
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