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Sarin, also called GB, is a human-made chemical warfare nerve agent. It disrupts normal nervous-system signaling and can cause severe illness or death. If you suspect exposure, do not investigate or approach the area: follow local authorities’ instructions, get away to fresh air, get clean, and seek emergency help.
What sarin is
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines sarin as “a human-made chemical warfare nerve agent.” It is also known as GB, has the Chemical Abstracts Service registry number 107-44-8, and belongs to the G-series of nerve agents identified by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). CDC’s sarin fact sheet was reviewed June 11, 2026; see also the OPCW explanation of chemical weapons.
CDC describes sarin as clear, colorless, tasteless, and odorless. It can be present as a liquid or evaporate into vapor. None of those properties makes visual or sensory inspection a reliable safety test; you cannot establish that a place, object, food, or water is safe by checking its appearance or smell.
How sarin affects the body
Nerve agents interfere with the nervous system’s normal control of muscles, glands, and other nerve functions. OPCW describes their action as inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme involved in regulating nerve signals. The result can be excessive stimulation across several body systems, including breathing, muscle movement, and secretions.
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Exposure may occur by breathing sarin vapor, through contact with skin or eyes, or by swallowing contaminated food or water. Contaminated clothing can also contribute to exposure. The route, amount, and duration influence what happens and when; CDC says symptoms after lower or medium exposure may appear within seconds to hours. NIOSH notes that mild-to-moderate effects from skin exposure can be delayed for up to 18 hours. A lack of immediate symptoms does not prove that exposure did not occur or that an area is safe.
Signs and symptoms
Possible symptoms include:
- Pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, eye pain, or tearing
- Runny nose, drooling, or sweating
- Chest tightness or difficulty breathing
- Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain
- Muscle cramps, weakness, or tremors
- Confusion or changes in heart rate or blood pressure
Large exposures can lead to loss of consciousness, convulsions or seizures, paralysis, respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, or death. These effects are not a diagnostic checklist: other conditions can cause similar symptoms, and suspected exposure requires professional assessment. For the complete public-health symptom information, consult the CDC sarin fact sheet.
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What to do after suspected exposure
Follow instructions from local authorities and emergency responders. Do not approach a suspected release, contaminated material, or a response area to investigate or help without training. CDC’s public guidance is to get away, get clean, and get help:
- Get away: Leave the area and breathe fresh air. Avoid moving toward a suspected source or through a contaminated area if you can do so safely.
- Get clean: Remove clothing and wash with lukewarm water and mild soap, following the detailed directions in the CDC fact sheet. Do not improvise beyond official guidance.
- Get help: Contact emergency services or seek medical care, and tell responders that sarin exposure is suspected. Do not wait for symptoms to become severe.
CDC says treatment involves removing sarin from the body as soon as possible and providing supportive medical care. Antidotes are available in healthcare settings and are most useful when administered as soon as possible. Decisions and administration belong to trained emergency personnel and clinicians; this article is not a self-treatment guide.
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How sarin fits among nerve agents
OPCW classifies sarin as a G-series agent. Its general account says some G-agents, including sarin and tabun, persist in the environment for shorter periods than soman or cyclosarin, while V-agents are persistent. These are broad comparisons among agent groups, not a way to estimate exposure or declare a real location safe. Conditions at a specific incident require assessment by qualified responders.
International control and historical context
The Chemical Weapons Convention is a multilateral disarmament agreement intended to eliminate an entire category of weapons and prevent their re-emergence, according to OPCW. The organization’s historical account, dated June 1, 2001, says the 1995 Tokyo subway sarin attack made about 5,000 people sick and killed a dozen. It separately reports 19 deaths across the 1994 Matsumoto and 1995 Tokyo incidents combined; that combined figure has a different scope from the Tokyo attack figure. Read the OPCW account of the Japan attacks and forensic investigation.
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Further reading
For an educational overview of chemical-weapons history, the Convention, science, ethics, and protection concepts, OPCW makes its Chemistry in Conflict Workbook available for public use. Technical readers may also consult Elsevier’s Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents, 3rd Edition, whose listed contents include organophosphate nerve agents and sarin attacks.
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