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In the widely used U.S. class system, Class 1 and Class 2 e-bikes receive motor assistance up to 20 mph; Class 3 receives pedal-assist up to 28 mph. Class 2 can also move under motor power without pedaling, while Classes 1 and 3 are pedal-assist only. Those labels describe how a bike’s motor works—they do not guarantee that a particular road or trail allows it. Access depends on the rules of the state, site, and land manager.
How Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 e-bikes differ
The class system compares two things: whether the motor can propel the bike without pedaling, and the speed at which motor assistance stops. These are assistance cutoffs, not necessarily the bike’s maximum speed when a rider pedals or coasts.
| Class | How the motor provides power | Motor-assistance cutoff |
|---|---|---|
| Class 1 | Assists only while the rider pedals | 20 mph |
| Class 2 | May propel the bike without pedaling; it may also provide pedal assistance | 20 mph |
| Class 3 | Assists only while the rider pedals | 28 mph |
These definitions are described by the National Park Service (NPS). The Congressional Research Service (CRS) summarizes the same three classes and notes that typical e-bikes in its federal-land discussion have motors of no more than 750 watts: CRS, Electric Bicycles (E-Bikes) on Federal Lands.
Class 1: pedal assistance up to 20 mph
The motor helps only while you pedal and stops assisting at 20 mph. It does not provide motor-only propulsion.
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Class 2: motor assistance up to 20 mph, including motor-only propulsion
A Class 2 bike can move under motor power without pedaling, typically through a throttle, and can also assist while pedaling. Assistance stops at 20 mph.
Class 3: pedal assistance up to 28 mph
The motor assists only while you pedal and stops assisting at 28 mph. The higher cutoff distinguishes the class; it does not mean that a Class 3 bike is permitted on every route where a slower class is allowed.
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Where can you ride each class?
There is no universal rule that makes one class legal everywhere. State and local laws can govern equipment and rider obligations, while the agency or owner that manages a road, trail, park, or other property decides what may use that route. Even within one property, access can differ by road or trail. Check the current rules for the exact route before riding.
National parks
The NPS allows e-bikes only where traditional bicycles are allowed. A park superintendent may set different rules for different classes or routes, close locations to e-bikes, or impose additional conditions. Wilderness areas are closed to both traditional bicycles and e-bikes. The NPS also distinguishes park access decisions from state requirements such as helmets, age limits, registration, insurance, and rules for operating the bike. Consult the specific park’s website or ask at a visitor center or ranger station: NPS e-bike guidance.
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Bureau of Land Management (BLM) lands
The BLM says e-bikes are allowed on roads and trails open to off-highway vehicle (OHV) use. On routes limited to bicycles or nonmotorized travel, an e-bike is allowed only if a BLM manager has issued written authorization. Local restrictions and decisions matter; check with the relevant BLM office and consult the agency’s e-bike FAQ.
U.S. Forest Service lands
CRS reports that Forest Service policy classifies e-bikes as motor vehicles. They are not allowed on nonmotorized trails or in nonmotorized areas unless e-bike use is specifically designated. See CRS’s federal-lands policy summary and confirm current rules with the local forest or district.
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State, local, and other public lands
Rules on state and local routes, and on other federal lands, vary by jurisdiction and manager. A state’s e-bike classification does not by itself establish access to a particular trail. For federal-land access context, see PeopleForBikes’ federal policy summary; use the responsible agency’s own current rules to make a route decision.
How to check a route before you ride
- Identify the jurisdiction and manager. Determine whether the route is managed by a national park, BLM, Forest Service, state or local agency, or another owner. On a route crossing boundaries, identify each manager.
- Find the official route or facility rules. Search the managing agency’s website for the specific trail, road, park, or riding area, or contact its local office.
- Confirm e-bike access and the allowed class. Check whether e-bikes are permitted at all and whether the rule names a class, location, or other condition. Do not assume permission on a nearby route applies to this one.
- Check rider and operating requirements separately. Verify applicable state or local requirements, such as age or helmet rules, as well as any site-specific conditions or speed limits. A motor-assistance cutoff is not a trail speed limit.
Check the bike itself, not just its class label
A class marking or seller’s description may not settle whether a bike qualifies under the rules that apply to your ride. Confirm the bike’s permanent product information and its actual configuration. PeopleForBikes cautions that some products advertised as e-bikes can be modified to exceed power or speed limits, making a label alone an unreliable guide to compliance: PeopleForBikes’ e-bike classification guidance. A bike modified beyond the relevant limits may fall outside the legal e-bike category, and a site may also exclude a class that is otherwise recognized under state law.
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Why state definitions and site access are separate questions
The three-class system is widely used in the United States, but legal details vary among states and can change. PeopleForBikes reported on December 5, 2024, that 43 states had further defined e-bikes using the three-class framework; that is an organization-reported count from 2024, not a current 2026 tally. See its December 2024 state-law overview.
Even where a state recognizes a class, a public-land manager controls access to its routes under the applicable rules. Conversely, permission to ride a particular route does not settle whether the bike or rider meets state requirements. Verify both sets of rules rather than treating a class label as a route pass.
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