To make a website more accessible, design and build it so people can perceive its content, operate its controls, understand its information, and use it with different technologies. Use WCAG 2.2 as your technical framework, then combine automated checks with keyboard and screen-reader testing and feedback from people familiar with disability and assistive technology use. No short checklist can cover every person or situation.
Start with WCAG 2.2 and the four accessibility principles
The W3C identifies WCAG 2.2 as the latest version of WCAG 2 and recommends using the latest version. Its success criteria are testable and grouped into three conformance levels: A, AA, and AAA. The guidelines are organized around four principles: content should be perceivable, operable, understandable, and robust. See the W3C WCAG overview for version and standards context.
- Perceivable: People must be able to access information through the senses available to them, with suitable alternatives when needed.
- Operable: People must be able to navigate and use controls, including without a mouse.
- Understandable: Content, navigation, instructions, and feedback should be clear and predictable.
- Robust: Markup and controls should communicate their meaning to browsers and assistive technologies.
Conformance is assessed against specific WCAG success criteria; a general claim that a site is “accessible” is not a substitute for checking the relevant requirements. The W3C overview says content meeting WCAG 2.2 also meets WCAG 2.1 and 2.0. It reports that WCAG 2.2 is ISO/IEC 40500:2025, identical to the October 2023 version of WCAG 2.2, and that the 2026 edition of EN 301 549 uses WCAG 2.2. Standards and legal requirements can change, so check current official material when making a conformance or procurement decision.
What should you fix first?
Begin with barriers that prevent people from finding content or completing essential tasks. A useful working order is to inspect the key pages and journeys, address failures that block use, and then repeat the same checks after each round of changes. This is a practical workflow, not a W3C-prescribed sequence.
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- Choose representative pages and tasks. Include the home page, navigation, important content, forms, media, and the main tasks visitors need to complete. Check responsive states, not just a desktop layout.
- Check whether people can perceive the content. Review text and interface contrast, color-only cues, image alternatives, and media alternatives.
- Try the journey using only a keyboard. Move through links, menus, dialogs, forms, and buttons. Look for controls that cannot be reached or activated, and make sure focus remains visible and sensibly ordered.
- Review structure and instructions. Check headings, labels, field requirements, error messages, and the reading order exposed by the markup.
- Use automated tools, then verify manually. Treat scan results as leads to investigate, not a pass/fail certificate for the whole site.
- Retest after fixes. Repeat the affected tasks and check that a change has not introduced a new barrier elsewhere.
The W3C WCAG Quick Reference helps teams find success criteria and techniques. The W3C Web Accessibility Tutorials provide practical guidance for common implementation areas.
Make information perceivable
Use meaningful image alternatives
For an informative image, write alternative text that conveys the information the image adds in its context. For a functional image, describe what happens when it is activated rather than merely listing its appearance. A decorative image that adds no useful information should generally have empty alternative text, so assistive technology can skip it instead of announcing a redundant description.
For example, if an image is the only content in a link that opens a pricing page, its alternative should communicate the link’s destination or action. If a nearby caption already conveys the same information and the image is decorative in that context, repeating the caption in alt text may add noise. The right text depends on the purpose the image serves on that page.
Do not rely on color alone
Color can reinforce meaning, but it should not be the only way to identify a required field, a chart series, a selected control, or an error. Pair it with text, shape, pattern, or another clear signal. Check foreground and background contrast for ordinary text, text over images, buttons, and other interface elements. The W3C’s design tips cover contrast, color, navigation, feedback, and responsive presentation.
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Provide alternatives for multimedia
Choose captions and other alternatives according to what the media communicates and the task it supports. A video with spoken information needs an accessible way to receive that information; meaningful visual information may also need an alternative. Give people controls for automatically starting media or movement instead of forcing them to follow content they cannot pause or stop.
Make navigation and interaction work without a mouse
Keyboard access matters to people who cannot use a mouse, as well as to many people who prefer keyboard navigation. The W3C’s summary of WCAG includes the guidance: “Make all functionality available from a keyboard.” That summary is a useful reminder, not a replacement for the normative success criteria; see WCAG 2 at a Glance.
- Navigate the page using the keyboard and check whether every interactive element can be reached and used.
- Keep navigation clear and consistent, and make interactive elements recognizable as controls.
- Use semantic links and buttons when their built-in behavior fits the task. If a control is custom-built, ensure it has an accessible name and meaning and works with a keyboard.
- Check that the order in which controls receive focus and content is read makes sense for the task.
- Provide controls for automatically starting content so people can pause or stop it.
A visual design can appear orderly while its underlying reading or focus order is confusing. Check both the rendered page and the order conveyed by the code.
Make forms understandable and correctable
Form fields need labels that identify what a person should enter. In HTML, associate a <label> with its control by making the label’s for value match the control’s id:
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<label for="email">Email address</label>
<input id="email" name="email" type="email" autocomplete="email">Make required information and format instructions clear before submission when possible. If an error occurs, identify the affected field and explain how to correct it; do not rely on color alone. Help people avoid mistakes and recover from them with understandable instructions and useful feedback. The W3C development tips cover labels, images, structure, language, errors, reading order, custom controls, keyboard operation, and CAPTCHA.
Use semantic markup and preserve meaning
Use HTML structure to convey the relationships and purposes that a visual design communicates. Organize content with meaningful headings, use elements suited to their role, and keep the code order aligned with a sensible reading order. Declare the page’s language and mark language changes where appropriate. Custom controls need accessible names and meanings that assistive technologies can identify.
These choices help make a page robust across browsers and assistive technologies. They also make it easier for people to navigate by structure rather than having to inspect every line of content in sequence.
Can an automated checker tell you whether a site is accessible?
No single automated scan can establish that a whole website is accessible. Automated software can help find some failures, especially conditions that can be checked against a measurable rule, but other success criteria require human judgment. A scan also cannot by itself tell you whether people can complete real tasks comfortably with their own devices and assistive technologies.
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The W3C says some WCAG criteria require human testers and recommends qualitative review and usability testing with people who understand disability and web use. See Introduction to Understanding WCAG 2.2. Use automated results as one input alongside manual review and user testing, not as proof that no barriers remain.
Include people and task-based review
Test representative tasks with people familiar with disability and assistive technology use. Include the pages and states that matter to your visitors: navigation, forms, media, and responsive layouts. A checklist can help organize this work, but it cannot stand in for evaluation by people with varied needs and ways of using the web.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What legal deadline applies to your organization?
There is no single deadline in the cited U.S. material that applies to every business, website, or jurisdiction. For state and local government entities covered by the U.S. ADA Title II web and mobile application rule, the Department of Justice says the compliance date is April 26, 2027, for entities with a population of 50,000 or more, and April 26, 2028, for entities serving populations below 50,000 and for special district governments. Consult the DOJ’s Title II rule guidance for scope and current official information; those dates should not be generalized to private businesses or organizations outside the rule.
The DOJ’s general Guidance on Web Accessibility and the ADA is dated March 18, 2022. The page says it does not reflect the later state and local government rule and that the guidance is not a final agency action and has no legally binding effect. For legal decisions, review current official rule materials and consult counsel familiar with the organization’s circumstances.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Does using semantic HTML guarantee that a website is accessible?
No. Semantic markup helps communicate structure and control meaning, but the finished site still needs evaluation against relevant WCAG criteria and real user tasks.
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No. Informative images need alternatives suited to their purpose; decorative images generally use empty alt text so they are not announced redundantly.
Is WCAG AAA required for every website?
WCAG has A, AA, and AAA conformance levels. Which level applies depends on the applicable requirements; check the relevant standard, rule, or contract rather than assuming one level applies universally.
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