Prevent SQL injection by keeping SQL code separate from untrusted data: use prepared statements or parameterized query APIs, and pass values as bound parameters instead of concatenating them into query strings. Then reduce the damage a compromised application connection could cause by granting its database account only the permissions the application needs.
1. Use prepared statements for data values
- Write the SQL statement with placeholders, then pass user-controlled values separately through your language’s database driver, framework, or ORM.
- Do not build a query by concatenating request data, form values, search terms, or other untrusted input into SQL text.
- Check that the API actually binds parameters; an ORM or database library does not make a string-built query safe just because it is part of that library.
OWASP recommends prepared statements with variable binding because the database receives the SQL code and values separately. Its SQL Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet says: “If database queries use this coding style, the database will always distinguish between code and data, regardless of what user input is supplied.” The exact API depends on your language, driver, and framework. OWASP SQL Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet
2. Review stored procedures for unsafe dynamic SQL
A stored procedure is not automatically safe. Confirm that its statements use parameters for values and that it does not assemble dynamic SQL by inserting untrusted input into the query text. Review both the procedure body and the application code that calls it.
Prepared statements and safely implemented stored procedures can both keep code separate from data. Choose the approach that fits the language, database, and practices your team supports, then verify that implementation rather than relying on the feature name. OWASP SQL Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet
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3. Handle dynamic SQL structure with redesign or an allow-list
Placeholders bind data values, not SQL structure such as table names, column names, or sort directions. If a query needs to vary structurally, use this order of preference:
- Redesign the query so the variable choice can be represented as a bound value.
- If the structure must vary, map a constrained user choice to a finite set of legal identifiers or directions defined in application code.
- Reject choices outside that mapping; never append an arbitrary request string as SQL syntax.
Input validation can help constrain such choices and flag unexpected values, but it does not make string-built SQL safe. OWASP also discourages using blanket escaping as the primary defense because escaping is fragile and varies by database and context. OWASP SQL Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet
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4. Limit what the application’s database account can do
Give each application identity only the database operations and data access it requires. Do not use DBA or administrator privileges for routine application connections. Where it fits the design, use separate database identities or restricted views to narrow access further. Least privilege does not prevent unsafe query construction, but it limits what an attacker may be able to do if the application is compromised. OWASP SQL Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.5. Add specific checks to code review
- Search for SQL assembled with concatenation or interpolation, especially where any part comes from a request or other untrusted source.
- Confirm data values use the driver’s parameter-binding API or a safely implemented stored procedure.
- For variable table names, columns, and sort directions, verify redesign or an explicit finite allow-list.
- Inspect stored-procedure bodies for unsafe dynamic SQL.
- Review the database account’s grants against the application’s actual required operations and data.
OWASP’s Secure Code Review Cheat Sheet supports including checks for parameterized queries or safely constructed stored procedures. Static analysis and other scanning tools may assist a review, but they do not replace checking the query construction and database permissions. OWASP Secure Code Review Cheat Sheet
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