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1Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches2Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors3Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteTo preserve a signed AI system receipt, keep the original signed record together with the verification key and trust information, any chain or transparency-log proofs, and the format and version details needed to check it later. Verify the signature against a key you have reason to trust, then check any separate chain or log proof. A successful check establishes integrity and specific relationships between records; it does not prove that an AI decision was true, fair, safe, or correct.
What a signed receipt can prove
A signed receipt is a structured record cryptographically bound to a signing key. Depending on its design, it may commit to event metadata, hashes of inputs or outputs, a link to an earlier receipt, or evidence that the event was added to a transparency log. These are distinct checks: a valid signature authenticates the signed bytes under a particular key; a chain link or log proof supplies additional evidence about sequence or inclusion.
For example, the ADR specification describes signed JSON records, SHA-256 fingerprints, and chain links, while Microsoft’s Signing Transparency Ledger documentation describes a COSE_Sign1 receipt with a detached Merkle-root payload. A verifier reconstructs the root from the inclusion path and checks the service signature against the published key.
What to preserve with each receipt
Keep an evidence set, not just a screenshot or a copied summary. The issuing application may no longer be available when someone needs to verify the record, so preserve the materials required to repeat each check independently where practical.
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- The exact receipt: retain the original bytes. Do not edit signed fields, reformat signed JSON, or overwrite the original with a normalized copy.
- Format and verification rules: record the receipt format and version, canonicalization rules, signature algorithm, and any relevant specification or verifier version. These details matter because a later verifier must reproduce the representation that was actually signed.
- Key and trust context: retain the verification key or a durable way to resolve it, plus the information showing why that key was trusted for the issuer or service at the time of verification. A key by itself does not establish the signer’s identity or authority.
- Chain evidence: if the receipt links to a predecessor, preserve the referenced identifier or digest and the earlier receipt or other material needed to validate that relationship.
- Transparency evidence: preserve the inclusion proof, ledger position or transaction identifier, signed tree root, and transparency service verification key when those apply. Microsoft’s documented flow uses an inclusion path to reconstruct the Merkle root and a service signature to authenticate that root.
- Verification record: keep a dated account of what was checked, which key and trust context were used, the verifier or method, and the outcome. This records the scope of a check; it does not replace the underlying receipt or proof.
How to store the evidence for later checks
Use durable, access-controlled storage and keep the receipt and its supporting evidence together or reliably linked. If auditability or detection of deletion and reordering matters, maintain an append-only or otherwise tamper-evident history. Where practical, keep a copy of the evidence independent of the AI system or service being audited, so later verification does not depend on that system remaining available.
There is no single storage vendor, archive format, or retention period prescribed by the cited materials. Choose those based on your organization’s legal, operational, and security requirements, and ensure the chosen arrangement preserves the original bytes and associated verification material rather than only a rendered view.
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How to verify a receipt
- Preserve and identify it. Work from the original receipt. Determine its format and version, and identify the canonicalization and signature rules it specifies. If the signed representation cannot be reproduced, do not treat a check of a reformatted copy as equivalent.
- Resolve the signer’s key and trust. Obtain the verification key through a trust mechanism the verifier accepts. Record the key and the relevant identity, key-binding, and policy context. Verification against a key alone only shows that the signature matches that key; it does not independently establish that the key belongs to an authorized issuer.
- Check the signature. Recompute any required digest or canonical byte sequence, then verify the cryptographic signature using the receipt format’s rules. RFC 9943 directs relying parties to the signature-verification process in RFC 9052 for its architecture.
- Check each additional proof separately. For a hash-chain link, validate the predecessor relationship. For a transparency-backed receipt, validate the inclusion path and the transparency service’s signed root or receipt using the required service key and proof material. A valid issuer signature is not itself proof of log inclusion.
- Report the scope and outcome. State which bytes and signature verified, under which key and trust context, whether a chain relationship or log inclusion was established, and which checks failed or could not be performed. Do not report an unverified proof layer as successful.
How receipt designs differ
Receipt formats make different choices about content exposure, chaining, offline checks, and reliance on a transparency service. The following are documented approaches, not a claim that any one is universally adopted or suitable.
| Approach | What the cited specification or documentation describes | What to assess for long-term verification |
|---|---|---|
| Application-level receipt with signatures and hash chaining | ADR describes signed JSON records, SHA-256 fingerprints, and chain links. | Which event fields are committed; whether sensitive content is exposed; who controls keys; whether canonicalization and version rules will remain usable; and whether independent verification tooling is available. |
| Signed receipt designed for offline verification | SignedReceipt v3 describes RFC 8785-style canonical JSON, ECDSA P-256, chain linking, trust tiers, and self-contained offline verification. Its page says legacy v1 and v2 envelopes remain verifiable. | Whether the verifier has the necessary keys and trust metadata offline, how format changes are handled, and whether the verifier supports the relevant versions and canonicalization rules. |
| Transparency-service-backed signing record | Microsoft’s documentation describes append-only registration, inclusion proofs, COSE receipts, Merkle roots, and service signatures. | Dependence on the log operator and key discovery; portability of proofs; availability of inclusion and consistency evidence; and the service’s policy and operational controls. |
| Standards-track transparent-statement architecture | RFC 9943 describes signed statements and receipts with verifiable data structure proofs and relying-party verification. | Interoperability; which verifiable data structure and receipt formats the relying party accepts; and whether its verifier checks every relevant proof layer. |
Handle prompt and output privacy deliberately
Some receipt designs omit prompts and model outputs and retain fingerprints instead. The ADR specification gives this as a design example, not a universal requirement. A hash does not let an auditor reconstruct the original input or output, and hashes can still reveal that two records contain the same value or allow guessing when the underlying value has few possibilities. If an investigation needs the source material, store it separately with appropriate access controls rather than assuming the receipt contains it.
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Interpret verification results narrowly
A passing signature check is evidence that the signed bytes match a signature made with the corresponding key. It does not establish that the issuer was authorized unless identity, key binding, and applicable policy have also been checked. Nor do hashes, signatures, or a transparency proof show that the AI’s decision was accurate, fair, safe, or policy-compliant.
As RFC 9943 puts it, “Transparency does not prevent dishonest or compromised Issuers, but it holds them accountable.” A transparency proof can establish that an event was included in a log relative to the proof and signed root being checked; it does not make the event’s contents truthful.
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