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Start by identifying the report and its date
Before relying on a headline, presentation, or news release, record the report’s title, property and location, issuer, purpose, effective date, signing date, and qualified-person authors and professional designations. The effective date marks the point through which the report’s information is current; a later corporate summary may use different assumptions, while an older report may not reflect subsequent drilling, ownership changes, permits, or market conditions.
Check the table of contents to see what kind of report it is. Canada’s National Instrument 43-101 (NI 43-101) Form 43-101F1 sets core headings for reports and additional study headings for advanced properties. The British Columbia consolidation includes the form and illustrates the required structure: NI 43-101 and Form 43-101F1.
Reporting rules depend on the issuer and jurisdiction. NI 43-101 is a Canadian disclosure instrument; SEC Subpart 1300 governs relevant U.S. registrant disclosures. Read the framework named in the filing and use its definitions rather than assuming that terms or categories work identically across reporting codes.
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Read the summary, then verify its claims
Use the summary to identify the report’s main claims about property rights, geology, mineralization, exploration status, estimates, conclusions, and recommended work. Then find each important claim in the detailed sections and check what evidence and qualifications accompany it.
A technical report is a summary of material scientific and technical information, with the amount of detail guided by relevance and significance. A short treatment of a topic is not, by itself, proof that the omitted detail is unimportant. If a headline number matters to your assessment, locate its definition, basis, date, and limitations in the report.
Find out who is accountable for the technical work
Read the qualified person’s certificate and consent, not just the author list on the cover. Under NI 43-101, the certificate identifies qualifications and relevant experience, professional association, responsibility for report sections, independence, prior involvement, and personal inspection information. The report generally requires an inspection before filing. For early-stage exploration where seasonal conditions prevent meaningful access, it must explain why an inspection was omitted and when one is intended.
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For SEC Subpart 1300 disclosures, the SEC guide says a qualified person must have at least five years of relevant experience in the type of mineralization and deposit and the specific activity, and must be in good standing with a recognized professional organization. This is a regulatory experience threshold, not evidence that a project is sound. The SEC’s compliance guide to mining property disclosures describes the requirements.
Look at which sections each person takes responsibility for and whether the report relies on other experts. Do not assume the qualified person is independent simply because the report uses that title; check the stated relationship to the issuer and any prior involvement.
Trace maps, samples, and data back to their context
Inspect the maps
Check that maps, plans, and sections are legible and include useful scale, dates, legends, north arrows, and source information. NI 43-101 calls for location and geology maps and, for exploration projects, maps showing historical work, mineralization, anomalies, drilling, and deposits. Confirm that the features discussed in the text can be located relative to the property boundary.
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Read the exploration and data sections
Before treating assays or an estimate as self-explanatory, examine what exploration and sampling work was completed, what data sources were used, and what limitations the report identifies. Note any reliance on other experts and what information supports that reliance. NI 43-101 requires reports to identify data sources and describes disclosures for reliance on other experts.
Distinguish an exploration target, a resource, and a reserve
| Term | What it means for a reader | What not to infer |
|---|---|---|
| Exploration target | A conceptual range for potential mineralization that may guide exploration. SEC rules require it to be separately captioned and accompanied by cautionary explanation. | It is not a defined mineral resource or a reserve. |
| Mineral resource | An estimate categorized by geological confidence. Under SEC Subpart 1300, inferred, indicated, and measured categories are ordered by increasing confidence based on the underlying geological evidence. | A resource is not automatically economically mineable or a reserve. |
| Mineral reserve | Indicated or measured resources assessed using technical and economic modifying factors to support an economically viable project under the SEC framework. The supporting technical report summary may be a pre-feasibility or feasibility study and includes an economic analysis. | The classification does not establish that permits, facilities, financing, or sales contracts are already in place. |
When reviewing an estimate, record the category, effective date, cutoff grade, commodity-price assumptions, estimation basis, and stated limitations. Check whether resource figures are inclusive of reserves or presented separately. Do not combine categories without confirming how the report defines and presents them under its applicable jurisdiction.
Test the economic and development assumptions
A tonnage or grade figure alone does not establish project value. For an initial assessment, pre-feasibility study, feasibility study, or other economic analysis, look for the assumptions that turn geology into an economic conclusion:
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- Commodity prices and exchange rates
- Cutoff criteria and the basis used to select them
- Capital and operating costs, recoveries, and other material assumptions
- Modifying factors and any sensitivity analysis or stated limitations
- The study stage supporting the conclusion
The SEC says the qualified person must disclose and explain the selected commodity price and material assumptions. Its guide describes detailed discounted cash-flow analysis for pre-feasibility or feasibility support for reserves. These are assumptions for evaluating a project, not guarantees of future prices or returns.
Read permitting, environmental, social or community impacts, infrastructure, capital and operating costs, conclusions, and recommendations together. NI 43-101’s advanced-property form gives these subjects dedicated headings. A positive economic study does not remove permitting, financing, execution, infrastructure, or market risks described elsewhere in the report.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Compare projects on like-for-like terms
Use a consistent set of comparison points, and compare projects at similar exploration and study stages. NI 43-101 and SEC guidance describe many of the relevant report elements; the framework below is a reader’s way to organize them, not a regulator-issued investment score.
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| Comparison axis | What to record |
|---|---|
| Jurisdiction and reporting framework | NI 43-101, SEC Subpart 1300, or another stated code; note how the report defines its terms. |
| Property rights and ownership | Issuer interest, claims or leases, royalties, joint ventures, and stated encumbrances. |
| Exploration maturity and evidence | Work completed, data sources, sampling and drilling disclosure, maps, and limitations. |
| Resource confidence | Category, effective date, cutoff criteria, and estimation basis. |
| Study maturity | Exploration report, initial assessment, pre-feasibility study, or feasibility study. Do not treat unlike study stages as equivalent. |
| Economics and assumptions | Commodity prices, costs, recoveries, capital and operating estimates, and disclosed sensitivity or limitations. |
| Development context | Permitting, environmental and community matters, infrastructure, conclusions, and recommended work. |
Check the filing framework and date
The SEC announced its modernized mining-property disclosure rules on October 31, 2018, with compliance beginning for the first fiscal year starting on or after January 1, 2021. Those transition dates are historical. For a current filing, check the regulation that applies to the issuer and the filing itself. The SEC’s announcement explains the intended purpose of the modernization, not a finding that every report is reliable: SEC announcement of the modernized mining disclosure rules.
Under SEC rules, qualified-person-backed disclosure is required for material exploration results, resources, and reserves, and dated, signed technical report summaries are required in specified resource or reserve disclosure circumstances. The SEC guide says a technical report summary may support exploration-results disclosure but is not required for that purpose.
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