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Keep query code and user data separate
Injection commonly occurs when an application builds a SQL statement by concatenating request data—such as a form field or URL parameter—into the query string. The database may then interpret part of that data as SQL syntax. Instead, write the SQL structure first and bind each value separately. OWASP describes parameterized queries as a way to define the SQL code first and pass parameters afterward in its SQL Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet.
Use a prepared statement for values
For example, in Java, the query can use a placeholder for a username, with the request value bound separately:
String sql = "SELECT account_balance FROM user_data WHERE user_name = ?";
PreparedStatement statement = connection.prepareStatement(sql);
statement.setString(1, custname);The placeholder marks a data position. A supplied value that contains SQL-looking characters remains a value rather than becoming executable query syntax. Adapt the syntax to your language and database driver; the essential rule is to use the driver’s binding mechanism rather than assemble SQL with user-controlled text. See OWASP’s Query Parameterization Cheat Sheet for examples across query interfaces.
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Use framework and ORM binding APIs
When using a framework or ORM, use its parameter-binding facility for query values. An ORM does not automatically make every query safe: concatenating untrusted text into a query written in the ORM’s own query language can reintroduce the same problem. OWASP’s examples include named parameters in HQL; apply the same code/data separation at that layer.
Handle identifiers and sort choices separately
Bind parameters generally represent values, not query structure. A placeholder cannot usually stand in for a table name, column name, or keyword such as ASC or DESC. For example, this is not a safe way to choose a sort column:
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"SELECT ... ORDER BY " + request.getParameter("sort")Prefer selecting identifiers and sort directions in trusted application code. If a user-facing choice must control one, translate it to a finite mapping of known identifiers or enum values, then build the query using only that trusted result. Avoid arbitrary identifier concatenation; where possible, redesign the query so the choice does not require dynamic SQL. OWASP explains this distinction in its Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet.
Stored procedures still need safe query construction
A stored procedure can protect against injection when it accepts values safely and does not construct unsafe dynamic SQL. A procedure that concatenates input into a statement and executes it can still be injectable. Review how the procedure builds and executes queries rather than treating “stored procedure” as a guarantee of safety. OWASP notes that safely implemented stored procedures and prepared statements can be equally effective; choose the approach your team can maintain and review while preserving the separation between code and data.
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Validate for application rules, not as a replacement for binding
Validation remains useful for checking types, ranges, formats, and allowed business choices. It can reject data the application should not accept, but it does not replace parameterization. Do not block apostrophes as an SQL defense: legitimate names can contain them, and rejecting that character does not make concatenated SQL safe. OWASP’s Input Validation Cheat Sheet treats validation as a separate control.
Avoid blanket instructions to escape every user input. Escaping is context- and database-dependent, making it fragile as a general defense; OWASP strongly discourages it except as a last resort. If a legacy constraint temporarily prevents binding, treat escaping as a limited workaround and prioritize safe query redesign or migration to parameterized queries, as described in the Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet.
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Limit what the database account can do
Use database accounts with only the permissions required for the application or function. A read-only operation should not use an account with write access it does not need, and the application should not connect as a database administrator. Least privilege does not prevent injection, but it can limit the damage if an exploitable query exists. OWASP recommends the lowest possible database privilege in its Secure Database Access checklist.
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Review SQL access paths before release
- Search query construction and execution paths for concatenation involving request, form, URL, or other untrusted data.
- Confirm that query values are supplied through prepared statements or the framework’s parameter-binding API.
- Inspect ORM queries and stored procedures for unsafe dynamic SQL.
- Ensure each dynamic identifier or sort option comes from a finite, trusted mapping.
- Keep validation for application rules; do not use rejected-character lists as the SQL injection defense.
- Check database account permissions against the actual read and write needs of each application function.
- Avoid exposing detailed database errors to external users; log errors safely for diagnosis.
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