Isolate templates and assets by resolving a trusted tenant and user context immediately after authentication, then carrying that context through every template lookup, database query, storage key, download, cache entry, and background job. A tenant directory or object prefix improves organization, but it is not authorization: every read and write must independently verify ownership.
What “per-user isolation” must protect
There are usually two boundaries to enforce:
- Tenant boundary: one organization must not read another organization’s records, templates, or files.
- User boundary: users inside the same tenant may need different permissions for private uploads, drafts, or personal assets.
Resolve both identities on the server from a session, validated JWT claims, or a trusted host-to-tenant mapping. Never trust a tenant ID, user ID, filename, URL path, or object prefix supplied by the browser. Use the resolved context before rendering a template, querying a model, constructing an object key, generating a signed URL, or starting a background task.
A useful invariant is: every tenant-owned operation has an authorization decision tied to the server-resolved tenant and, where applicable, user. The path or key is only an identifier; possession of a plausible-looking key is not proof of permission.
Choose an isolation model deliberately
Multitenant applications generally use one of three database layouts. The right choice depends on regulatory requirements, operational capacity, migration tooling, backup scope, and the impact of a coding mistake.
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| Model | Isolation boundary | Operational profile | Primary risk or cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| Separate database per tenant | Database instance or logical database | Tenant-level backup, restore, and deletion are straightforward. | Provisioning, migrations, connection management, and monitoring multiply with tenant count. |
| Separate schema per tenant | Namespace inside one database | One database with clear namespace separation; django-tenants documents this as a compromise between simplicity and performance and implements schema-per-tenant. | Schema migrations, connection routing, and cross-tenant reporting require deliberate tooling. |
| Shared schema with tenant key | Application- and query-level row scope | Usually the easiest model to operate at scale and the most efficient for shared infrastructure. | A missed filter, uniqueness rule, cache key, job argument, or storage lookup can disclose another tenant’s data. |
Use the strongest boundary justified by your threat model, contracts, and regulation. A shared schema can be safe, but only when tenant scope is systematic and preferably reinforced with database row-level policies where your database supports them.
Make tenant scope part of data design
Every tenant-owned table should have a non-null tenant key. Add composite uniqueness constraints such as (tenant_id, slug) rather than a global slug constraint. Include tenant scope in foreign-key validation, search indexes, cache keys, event payloads, and job identifiers. A background worker must receive a tenant ID as data, resolve it, and apply the same authorization rules as an HTTP request.
Resolve context before any lookup
- Authenticate: validate the session or token and identify the user.
- Resolve the tenant: use a server-maintained membership relation or a trusted hostname mapping. If a user belongs to several tenants, require an explicit, authorized tenant selection.
- Attach an immutable request context: keep
tenant_idanduser_idin a request-scoped object rather than repeatedly accepting them from controller parameters. - Authorize the action: check role, ownership, and object state before querying or issuing a download.
- Pass context downstream: include tenant and user IDs in service calls, cache namespaces, asynchronous jobs, audit records, and storage operations.
Reject missing, ambiguous, or conflicting context with a non-disclosing response. Do not fall back to a global tenant, an administrator’s tenant, or a client-provided default.
Enforce database scope on every path
In a shared schema, scope at the data-access layer so individual views cannot accidentally omit the predicate. A minimal Django-style pattern is:
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from django.core.exceptions import PermissionDenied
from .models import Asset
def get_asset_for_request(request, asset_id):
tenant_id = request.tenant.id
user_id = request.user.id
asset = (Asset.objects
.filter(id=asset_id, tenant_id=tenant_id)
.first())
if asset is None:
raise PermissionDenied("Asset is not available")
if not asset.is_shared and asset.owner_id != user_id:
raise PermissionDenied("Asset is not available")
return assetApply the same rule to list, detail, update, delete, export, preview, and admin endpoints. Avoid fetching by a globally unique object ID and checking tenant ownership later if the initial query can already include the tenant predicate. For operations that join tables, scope both sides or rely on constrained foreign keys and an authorization check.
Defense in depth
- Use database row-level policies where available to reject cross-tenant rows even if application code misses a filter.
- Give reporting and maintenance jobs explicit tenant scopes; prohibit unscoped ORM queries in production code review.
- Namespace cache keys, for example
tenant:{tenant_id}:template:{template_id}, and invalidate by tenant. - Record user, tenant, object ID, action, and allow/deny decision in audit logs. Do not log raw secrets or signed URLs.
Tenant-aware template loading
Keep shared templates as a fallback, and search a tenant-specific location first. The django-tenants file-handling guide describes a tenant-aware loader that “look[s] for the tenant-specific templates first, before reverting to the standard search path.” This permits a tenant to override branding or a page fragment without copying the entire application theme.
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Recommended directory shape
templates/
shared/
base.html
invoices/detail.html
tenants/
tenant_42/
base.html
invoices/detail.htmlConstruct the tenant directory from the server-resolved identifier, not from a request parameter. Keep the shared fallback intentionally safe: it should not contain tenant secrets or private data. Pass tenant-specific values as context after authorization; a template path alone must never be used to decide whether a user can view a record.
Django configuration pattern
Configure the tenant-aware loader ahead of the ordinary search path so an override wins while the shared loader remains available. The exact setting names depend on the loader and package version you use; follow the installed django-tenants documentation and test that an unknown tenant cannot make the loader traverse another tenant’s directory.
Scope static files and user media separately
Static build output (compiled CSS, JavaScript, fonts, and public images) and user media (uploads, exports, invoices, and private previews) have different security policies.
| Content | Suggested location | Delivery policy |
|---|---|---|
| Shared static assets | static/ or a public bucket/prefix |
Public or CDN-cached; never place secrets here. |
| Tenant-branded static overrides | static/tenants/{tenant_id}/ |
Public only if the branding is intentionally public and the prefix policy is limited. |
| Private user uploads | media/tenants/{tenant_id}/users/{user_id}/ |
Private origin; authorize first, then issue a short-lived signed URL or stream through an authorized endpoint. |
django-tenants documents tenant-aware static and media handlers. Its default behavior is to create a tenant subdirectory in STATIC_ROOT and another in MEDIA_ROOT. Use immutable object IDs in names to avoid collisions and filename guessing:
tenants/{tenant_id}/users/{user_id}/assets/{asset_id}Do not use the original filename as an authorization mechanism. Store the original name as metadata, sanitize it for display, and generate the storage key server-side.
Object-storage policies that add a second boundary
Application checks should remain mandatory, but object storage can enforce additional conditions. AWS’s sample architecture describes tagging objects by tenant and user and using an access point per tenant. Oracle security guidance describes policies constrained by bucket and object-name patterns plus conditions for a specific user. These controls can be combined with short-lived credentials and immutable object IDs.
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Safe download sequence
- Resolve the authenticated tenant and user.
- Look up the asset with both the asset ID and tenant ID.
- Check ownership or a tenant-approved sharing rule.
- Construct or retrieve the expected immutable object key; ignore a client-supplied key.
- Issue a short-lived signed URL, or proxy the download through a private origin.
- Audit the decision and object ID.
Keep private buckets and prefixes private by default. If you use a CDN, configure it to authenticate to the private origin rather than making the origin publicly readable.
Keeping public static files from exposing private media
A common mistake is placing static/ and media/ in one bucket and enabling a bucket-wide public-read setting. Cookiecutter Django’s storage guidance warns that this can expose both prefixes. Use a separate public container for static files, or apply a stored access policy that makes only the static prefix public. Keep signed-query authentication enabled for private media, or put a CDN in front of a private origin with an origin-access control equivalent.
Also check indirect leaks: directory listings, predictable download URLs, overly long cache lifetimes, image thumbnails generated into a public path, and error pages that echo object keys.
Testing the negative cases
Isolation is proven by denial tests, not by directory names. For each endpoint and storage operation, authenticate as user A and independently change:
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- the tenant host or selected tenant;
- the URL path and object ID;
- the object key or filename;
- the signed download token;
- the background-job tenant argument.
Each unauthorized variant should be denied without revealing whether the other tenant’s object exists. Test list endpoints, previews, thumbnails, exports, template overrides, cache hits, and retry paths. Run these checks after migrations and whenever authorization or storage code changes.
Performance, reliability, and cost trade-offs
Database and application overhead
Shared-schema filtering adds predicates and index requirements; index tenant keys together with common lookup columns. Schema-per-tenant adds routing and migration work. Database-per-tenant increases connection and provisioning overhead but narrows backup and failure scope. Measure connection limits, migration duration, backup windows, and noisy-neighbor behavior against your tenant distribution rather than choosing by habit.
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Storage and delivery
Tenant prefixes make lifecycle rules, quotas, and deletion jobs easier. Keep object IDs immutable so retries are idempotent. Generate signed URLs only after authorization and give them the shortest useful lifetime. Separate public caching from private caching; a shared CDN cache key must never allow one tenant’s response to satisfy another tenant’s request.
Failure handling
Fail closed when tenant resolution, policy evaluation, or storage authorization is unavailable. Do not serve a shared fallback page containing tenant data. Make asynchronous cleanup and migration jobs resumable and tenant-scoped, and alert on authorization-denied spikes without exposing object contents.
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A tenant sees the shared template instead of its override
Verify the tenant-aware loader is ordered before the shared loader, the resolved tenant ID matches the directory, and the deployment collected the override into the location searched at runtime. Clear template caches after changing the loader configuration.
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A user can guess another user’s download URL
Move authorization before URL generation, query by tenant and asset ID together, and replace predictable filenames with immutable IDs. Revoke or shorten existing signed URLs if a policy change requires immediate protection.
Private media is visible through a public bucket
Inspect bucket-level and prefix-level policies, CDN origin access, generated thumbnails, and cache headers. Put media in a separate private container when a precise prefix policy is difficult to guarantee.
Background jobs cross tenant boundaries
Include tenant ID in the job payload, validate that the referenced object belongs to it, and prevent workers from accepting an unscoped “process all” operation in request-triggered paths.
Cache returns another tenant’s page or asset
Add tenant and user dimensions to cache keys where content is private, and configure CDN cache policies so authorization headers and signed parameters are handled deliberately. Purge keys after tenant deletion or branding changes.
FAQ
Should the tenant ID be part of the URL?
It may help routing and debugging, but it must not be trusted as the authorization decision. Compare it with the server-resolved membership and reject mismatches.
Can tenants share a template safely?
Yes. Keep shared templates read-only and free of tenant data, then inject authorized tenant context at render time. Tenant overrides should inherit from that controlled shared base.
When should media be public?
Only when the business requirement makes public access intentional. User uploads, exports, and previews should remain private and be delivered through an authorized stream or short-lived signed URL.
Is a storage prefix enough for compliance?
No. Prefixes organize objects; application authorization and storage policies enforce access. Use both, plus denial testing and audit records.
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