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What belongs in the inventory?
Start by distinguishing the credential and identity types. They can be related—for example, an application may use a service account with a key and also hold an OAuth grant—but one record should not stand in for the others. Preserve each object’s parent cloud account, project, subscription, or identity-platform scope.
| Inventory | What to collect | Useful discovery source | Coverage caveat |
|---|---|---|---|
| Workload identities and credentials | Service accounts or other workload identities, their role or federation relationships, and user-managed credentials such as service-account keys. | The relevant cloud provider’s identity control plane, asset inventory, and usage or audit telemetry. | Identity objects and their keys are related but distinct. A list of identities alone does not establish which keys exist or whether a workload still uses one. |
| API keys | Key identifier, owning project or account, restrictions, associated service or application, creation or expiry information when available, and usage evidence. | The provider’s API-key management view and usage monitoring. | Do not conflate API keys with encryption keys or physical authentication keys. A key inventory may not show OAuth grants or workload roles. |
| OAuth apps, service principals, and grants | App identity, publisher and origin, permissions or grants, data accessed where available, risk signals, and the connected identity platform. | Native app-registration and consent views, plus connected-app discovery tools. | An app catalog is not a full inventory of cloud keys. Its platform and export scope may also be limited. |
How do you build a repeatable inventory?
- Set and record scope. Enumerate the organizations, accounts, folders, projects, subscriptions, and identity platforms in use. Track which scopes were collected, when, and by what method. Mark access gaps, disconnected environments, and failed collections as incomplete rather than treating missing results as proof that no objects exist.
- Collect from the appropriate control planes. Gather workload identities, role and federation relationships, user-managed keys, API keys, app registrations or service principals, and OAuth grants or connected apps. Use native inventory and management interfaces for object discovery, and telemetry or audit logs to understand use. A discovery tool’s output should be labeled with its platform and credential-type coverage.
- Normalize records without losing platform context. Give each object a stable ID and retain its provider, parent scope, object type, source, and collection time. Link related records—such as an app, its service principal, and a credential—rather than collapsing them into one entry.
- Enrich each record. Where the source exposes the information, capture display name, owner or team, associated workload or integration, permissions or role scope, creation and expiry details, last-use signal, and evidence source. For OAuth apps, include publisher, origin, permissions, data accessed, and available risk or privilege indicators. Mark unknown values as unknown; do not infer that a credential is unused because its owner or last-use field is blank.
- Review and triage. Prioritize unknown owners, broad permissions, stale or aged credentials, keys exposed in source or client code, risky or unsanctioned apps, and entries with no documented workload need. For uncertain use, correlate provider telemetry and audit evidence, then confirm with the workload or integration owner before revoking access.
- Remediate in stages. Remove entries with no continuing need. Where supported, replace long-lived credentials with attached identities, roles, federation, or temporary credentials. If a secret must remain, rotate it and store it securely. For a credential that may still be in use, use a provider-supported disable-and-monitor phase before deletion; keep a rollback path and record the evidence for the decision.
- Make the review recurring. Schedule collection and owner review, alert on new or highly privileged apps and stale keys, track exceptions and remediation evidence, and retain relevant audit logs. Test that collection covers every intended scope and note export limits before presenting a report as complete.
What can native and connected-app views tell you?
Google Cloud: find service-account keys and investigate use
Google Cloud documents using Cloud Asset Inventory to search for service-account key assets by creation time. Its rotation example uses the asset type iam.googleapis.com/ServiceAccountKey and orders results by createTime. This helps identify older keys for review; age alone does not show whether an application still depends on a key. See Google’s service account key rotation guidance.
For use signals, Google documents service-account insights that identify accounts not used in the past 90 days, as well as a Key Authentication Events metric that shows when and how often a service-account key was used. Google says these insights and metrics must be tracked individually for each project, so include project context and repeat the review across projects. The 90-day window describes this Google insight, not a universal deletion rule. See Google’s best practices for managing service-account keys.
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This is connected-app visibility, not a complete multi-cloud inventory of service-account keys or API keys. Microsoft’s documentation says CSV export displays a maximum of 1,000 SaaS or OAuth apps. For a large environment, verify the live interface and applicable APIs or other export routes before treating a CSV as a complete record.
How should you prioritize findings?
Use evidence and business context together. A useful queue starts with exposure and privilege, then asks whether the credential is needed and who can validate that need.
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- Act first: credentials suspected of compromise, keys exposed in source or client code, and apps with broad or risky permissions that have no clear business owner.
- Investigate promptly: unknown owners, credentials with no documented workload, stale keys, and identities with permissions broader than the workload requires. Check last-use signals and audit records, and contact the owner before disabling an uncertain dependency.
- Track as an exception: credentials retained for a documented operational reason. Record the owner, purpose, permission scope, compensating controls, and review date so an exception does not become invisible or permanent by default.
- Close with evidence: record whether an item was removed, replaced, rotated, or retained, and preserve the relevant approval or verification. A change in inventory status should be traceable to an action, not just a changed label.
How do you rotate or replace credentials safely?
Google Cloud managed service-account keys
Google Cloud recommends routinely rotating managed service-account keys at least every 90 days and rotating immediately if compromise is suspected. The recommendation is specific to Google’s managed service-account key guidance; the documentation page does not display a publication year. Google also advises using a more secure alternative to service-account keys whenever possible. For a key that remains necessary, Google’s documented sequence is to identify keys, create replacements, update applications, disable replaced keys and monitor, then delete them after verification. Disable keys as soon as they are no longer needed, and delete them when their need has been confirmed to have ended. Details are in Google’s key rotation guidance and its service-account key management best practices.
AWS workload credentials
AWS Well-Architected’s Security Pillar recommends “remove, replace, and rotate.” For AWS workloads, it advises replacing long-lived IAM access keys with IAM roles or temporary credentials where possible, including role-based mechanisms for relevant AWS compute and mobile workloads. For secrets that remain, store and rotate them securely; for credentials used to connect to a third party, check whether cross-account access is supported. These are AWS-specific framework recommendations, not a universal setup recipe for other providers. See AWS Well-Architected SEC02-BP03.
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What makes an inventory trustworthy?
A useful report distinguishes confirmed coverage from blind spots. For each collection run, retain the source and time, scopes successfully queried, permissions or connectivity failures, object counts where available, export limits, and any manual follow-up. Compare successive runs to identify newly created identities and apps as well as changes in privilege or use. Make owners responsible for validating purpose and access, while the platform or security team maintains collection coverage and escalation rules.
Do not treat a product label such as “application inventory” as proof that it covers every nonhuman identity or secret. When evaluating an inventory or identity-governance tool, check its provider and credential-type coverage, visibility into effective permissions and OAuth grants, owner attribution, creation and last-use evidence, collection cadence and export limits, auditability and alerting, and its disablement, rotation, and rollback workflow. The documented Microsoft view is useful for connected OAuth apps within its stated platform scope, but the other identity and key records still need to be collected from the relevant control planes.
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