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In a function component, update the React state that the UI uses with a useState setter or useReducer dispatch. If the value lives outside React, subscribe to it with useSyncExternalStore. Class components also provide this.forceUpdate(), but it is an uncommon escape hatch—not the usual fix for stale UI.

Choose the update mechanism that matches where the data lives

React normally renders a component from its current props, state, and context. A parent changing props or a provider changing a context value can prompt a render too. When the screen is stale, trace the displayed value to its source and make changes to that source visible to React; an unrelated “force render” counter can hide the real problem.

Situation Use What it does
Local UI value in a function component useState setter or useReducer dispatch Updates React state and schedules rendering when the next state differs.
Data in a mutable external store useSyncExternalStore Subscribes the component to changes and reads a snapshot.
Exceptional imperative update in a class component this.forceUpdate() Requests a render without checking shouldComponentUpdate.
Need to read the DOM immediately after an update flushSync, only when necessary Controls update timing; it does not make React detect a mutation.

Trigger an update in a function component

Call the setter returned by useState with the next value. If the new value depends on the previous one, use the functional form:

import { useState } from 'react';

function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

  function increment() {
    setCount(previousCount => previousCount + 1);
  }

  return <button onClick={increment}>Count: {count}</button>;
}

For state managed by useReducer, dispatch an action and ensure the reducer returns the state that the component should render. React can skip an update when the next state is Object.is-equal to the current state, so mutate neither an object nor an array in place and then return the same reference. Instead, create a new state value. See the official useState reference.

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Subscribe to an external store

A value held in a mutable store or browser API does not become React state merely because a component reads it. Use useSyncExternalStore to connect the component to that source:

const snapshot = useSyncExternalStore(
  store.subscribe,
  store.getSnapshot
);

The store’s subscribe function should register a callback and return a cleanup function. When the store changes, it notifies subscribers; React calls getSnapshot to read the current value. The snapshot should be immutable and remain stable while the underlying store is unchanged. Return a different, immutable or cached snapshot when relevant data changes. The useSyncExternalStore reference explains the subscription and snapshot requirements.

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Use forceUpdate only for an exceptional class-component case

Class components have this.forceUpdate(). React documents it as a way to “force a component to re-render,” and it bypasses the class’s shouldComponentUpdate method. React advises against using it when rendering can follow from changed props, state, or context. If the class UI is stale, first find out why the relevant data is not being updated through those normal paths. For external-store data in a function component, use useSyncExternalStore. See React’s Component API reference.

Do not use refs or Effects as render triggers

Changing a ref does not schedule a render. Refs are appropriate for mutable values that do not need to affect the rendered UI; if a changing value must appear on screen, put it in state or expose it through an external-store subscription.

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useEffect is for synchronizing with external systems after rendering, not for making React notice a value that changed outside its state model. Likewise, useMemo caches a calculation; it is not an update trigger. Keep rendering pure: do not mutate globals, subscribe, or perform other side effects in the render body. React may run or discard render work, and Strict Mode may call render more than once in development. Follow React’s components and Hooks purity guidance.

Check why the UI is not updating

  • Identify whether the displayed value comes from local state, props, context, or an external store.
  • Confirm the setter or dispatch runs and that the rendered expression reads the updated value.
  • For object or array state, create a new value instead of mutating the existing one and reusing its reference.
  • For a store subscription, check that its callback is notified and that its snapshot is stable while unchanged and changes when the relevant data changes.
  • If a component or parent uses memo, inspect the props that actually changed. memo is a performance optimization that may skip rendering when props are unchanged, not an update mechanism. See the memo reference.
  • In a class component, inspect whether shouldComponentUpdate returns false; reserve forceUpdate for cases where bypassing it is truly intended.
  • Move subscriptions and other side effects out of render and into the appropriate subscription setup or Effect.
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When you need the DOM immediately

Most updates should be left to React’s normal scheduling. If a rare case requires the DOM to reflect an update before code reads it, React’s useState reference points to flushSync as a timing option. It is not a general-purpose way to force React to notice an external mutation; wire that data into state or a subscription instead. See the useState reference.

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useSyncExternalStore was introduced in the React 18 release announcement dated March 29, 2022. That history does not establish which React version a particular project currently has installed; check the project’s own dependency and integration requirements. See React v18.0.

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