robots.txt controls whether compliant crawlers may fetch site paths; noindex tells supported search engines not to include a fetched page or resource in results; and AI crawler controls specify how particular providers’ crawlers may access content or use it for particular purposes. These are separate controls, not interchangeable ways to hide a page.
What each control does
| Control | What it governs | How it is applied | Key limitation |
|---|---|---|---|
robots.txt |
Whether compliant crawlers may fetch URL paths. | A text file at the site’s top level, with rules for crawler user-agent groups. | It is neither an indexing directive nor a security measure. A blocked URL may still appear in search, and a crawler blocked from a page cannot read directives on that page. |
noindex |
Whether a supported search engine includes a page or resource in its results. | An HTML robots meta tag or an HTTP X-Robots-Tag response header. The header also works for non-HTML resources. |
The crawler must be able to fetch the resource to see the directive; updates can take time after it recrawls. |
| AI crawler controls | A named provider’s crawler and a specified use or service. | Usually provider-specific user-agent rules in robots.txt, such as Google-Extended, OAI-SearchBot, or GPTBot. |
There is no universal AI opt-out. Tokens and stated purposes differ by provider, and crawler compliance is not guaranteed. |
| Search preview controls | How much content appears in supported search features. | Google documents nosnippet, data-nosnippet, max-snippet, and noindex for limiting information in its AI Search features. |
These govern Google Search presentation; Google-Extended is not the control for Search inclusion or Search AI features. |
Google Search Central summarizes the role of the first control: “A robots.txt file tells search engine crawlers which URLs the crawler can access on your site.” (Google Search Central, Robots.txt Introduction and Guide.)
Does robots.txt remove a page from Google?
No. A robots.txt disallow rule can prevent Google from fetching a page, but it is not a dependable way to remove its URL from results. Google may still index a blocked URL if it discovers the URL through links elsewhere. A blocked crawler also cannot read the page’s meta tag or response headers.
Google’s robots.txt rules apply to the host, protocol, and port where the file is served. Google documents a 500 KiB processing limit; content beyond that point is ignored. Treat that limit as an implementation constraint, not as a ranking or performance measure. See Google’s robots.txt specification.
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How to keep a page out of Google results
Allow Google to fetch the page and serve a noindex directive. Google supports a robots meta tag in HTML and the X-Robots-Tag HTTP response header, which can also be used for PDFs, images, video, and other non-HTML resources. Google does not support noindex in robots.txt.
- HTML page: add a robots meta tag with
noindexin the page’s HTML. - Non-HTML resource: return an
X-Robots-Tag: noindexresponse header.
Do not disallow the same URL in robots.txt while expecting Google to discover its noindex: the crawler must fetch the resource to process the instruction. Google’s guide explains the supported approaches in Block Search Indexing with noindex.
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How Google’s AI controls differ
Google Search and its AI features
For Google Search—including its AI features—Googlebot access rules are relevant. To limit information shown from a page in Search AI features, Google documents nosnippet, data-nosnippet, max-snippet, and noindex. These are Search presentation or indexing controls.
Google-Extended
Google-Extended is a separate robots.txt token for controlling whether content accessed by Google crawlers may be used to train future Gemini models and for grounding in specified Gemini products. Google says it does not affect inclusion in Google Search or act as a Search ranking signal. The token is used in robots.txt; it does not have its own separate HTTP request user-agent string. Google describes the token and its scope in Google’s common crawlers documentation and its AI Features and Your Website guidance.
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How OpenAI separates ChatGPT search from training
OpenAI documents OAI-SearchBot as the crawler used to surface websites in ChatGPT search features, and GPTBot as associated with potential use of crawled content to train generative AI foundation models. The settings are independent: a publisher can allow OAI-SearchBot while disallowing GPTBot. For current details, see Overview of OpenAI Crawlers.
OpenAI’s publisher FAQ also says that, in some circumstances, ChatGPT Atlas may surface a disallowed page’s link and title if it learns the URL from another search provider or by crawling other pages. OpenAI says publishers can use a noindex meta tag to prevent that, but the crawler must be allowed to fetch the page to read the tag. This is a vendor-specific statement, not a general rule for all AI services; see Publishers and Developers – FAQ.
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Choose the control for the outcome you want
- Reduce fetching by a compliant crawler: use a robots.txt rule for that crawler’s documented token and the relevant paths.
- Remove a page from Google results: keep it crawlable and serve
noindexin HTML or an HTTP header. - Limit Google Search snippets or AI Search content: use Google’s Search preview or indexing controls, not
Google-Extended. - Separate ChatGPT search discovery from potential training use: configure
OAI-SearchBotandGPTBotindependently according to OpenAI’s current documentation. - Protect private content: require authentication or remove the content. Robots.txt is publicly readable and asks compliant crawlers to follow preferences; it does not prevent people or noncompliant crawlers from accessing a URL.
Before applying a page-level indexing or preview directive, check that the crawler responsible for processing it can fetch the URL. The purpose of the directive and the crawler’s scope matter as much as the syntax.
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