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Random freezes, missing sound and display glitches usually trace back to one bad driver. Find and replace yours safely.Free scan · under a minuteOn October 6, 2022, an attacker exploited a proof-verification flaw in BSC Token Hub, the bridge between BNB Beacon Chain and BNB Smart Chain. The bridge accepted forged cross-chain transfer proofs, leading to 2 million BNB being withdrawn. That was the gross amount—not the amount that ultimately escaped: BNB Chain later estimated about $100 million remained unrecovered off-chain, while a Coinbase investigation put the amount moved off BNB Smart Chain at about $110 million.
What was compromised in the Binance Bridge attack?
The target was BSC Token Hub, BNB Chain’s native bridge connecting BNB Beacon Chain with BNB Smart Chain. A bridge uses proofs to verify that an event on one blockchain authorizes an action on another—for example, releasing or minting tokens.
This was a flaw in the bridge’s proof verification, not evidence that every part of BNB Chain or the cryptographic hash function itself had been compromised. The chain’s October 11, 2022 statement said the problem was limited to the bridge and that the network was not rolled back.
How did the attacker forge a transfer?
Coinbase Threat Intelligence’s October 31, 2022 technical investigation traced the exploit to an error in IAVL proof verification. Under the condition described in its analysis, when a proof’s left leaf was already defined, the verifier’s hash calculation failed to account for a defined right leaf.
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The attacker altered a previously valid proof and added a leaf containing a fabricated transfer-payload hash. Because the verification logic did not correctly account for that leaf, BSC Token Hub accepted the proof as valid. The CrossChain and TokenHub contracts then executed the unauthorized transfer. In short, the weakness was in how the bridge checked the proof—not in a broken hash algorithm.
How much cryptocurrency was taken?
The reported figures describe different things. The 2 million BNB was the gross amount withdrawn through the exploit. Dollar estimates for that gross amount differ by source and reporting date; estimates of roughly $100 million to $110 million refer instead to value reported as having moved off-chain or off BNB Smart Chain.
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| Source and date | Gross amount or value | Reported amount that escaped |
|---|---|---|
| BNB Chain, October 7, 2022 | 2 million BNB withdrawn; the update did not provide a dollar valuation. | Not stated in this update. |
| BNB Chain, October 11, 2022 | Nearly $570 million for the 2 million BNB. | About $100 million remained unrecovered off-chain, according to BNB Chain. |
| Coinbase Threat Intelligence, October 31, 2022 | About $586 million for the 2 million BNB. | Approximately $110 million was taken off BNB Smart Chain after the network halt and asset-issuer assistance, according to Coinbase. |
The gross-dollar estimates are valuations of the 2 million BNB, not claims that the full $570 million or $586 million was ultimately retained by the attacker. The off-chain estimates also use different descriptions and should not be treated as one definitive, independently verified loss figure.
Why did validators pause BNB Smart Chain?
BNB Chain coordinated with validators to pause BNB Smart Chain while the incident was contained. Its October 7, 2022 update said 26 of 44 validators were active at the time and described contacting validators individually. The chain’s October 11 follow-up said it had not been rolled back; Binance also announced a network upgrade and hard fork planned for about October 12 at 08:00 UTC.
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BNB Chain said users were not affected. That is the chain’s stated assessment, not a separate audit conclusion established by the sources cited here. Coinbase’s investigation documented a hard fork and patch to address the vulnerability.
What happened to the extra BNB?
In a January 17, 2023 accounting, Binance reported that 1.02 million incident-related BNB had been locked by validator vote and burned. Binance said the remainder would be burned through the usual process. These are Binance’s reported actions; they do not change the distinction between the 2 million BNB gross withdrawal and the smaller amount reported as having moved off-chain.
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What is known about the attacker?
Coinbase’s October 31, 2022 investigation did not identify the responsible actor or actors. The cited public accounts therefore support describing the method and the response, but not assigning the attack to a person, group, or government.
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