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For most goods and services covered by India’s 2025 GST rate changes, the new rates took effect on 22 September 2025. The announced structure centres on 5% and 18% rates, plus a 40% special rate for selected items—but the rate for any particular product depends on its exact classification. Specified tobacco goods were excluded from that start date and require checking for a later notification.

What changed in India’s GST rates?

On 3 September 2025, the GST Council described the reform as a “2 rate structure with a Standard Rate of 18% and a Merit Rate of 5%; a special de-merit rate of 40% for a select few goods and services.” The Council also announced exemptions and item-specific changes. This is a headline description, not a complete rate list: exemptions and other category-specific treatment remain, so a product’s rate cannot be determined from the headline structure alone. GST Council announcement, Ministry of Finance/PIB

Among the announced changes, hair oil, toilet soap bars, shampoos, toothbrushes, toothpaste, bicycles, tableware and kitchenware were cited as examples of goods moving to 5%. UHT milk and specified paneer/chena and Indian breads were cited among items moving from 5% to nil. These examples do not replace the detailed tariff schedules.

When did the new rates take effect?

For goods and services other than the specified tobacco goods, the Ministry of Finance FAQ says the changes took effect on 22 September 2025. The FAQ identifies cigarettes, chewing tobacco products such as zarda, unmanufactured tobacco and beedi as exceptions: their existing GST and compensation cess continued, with new rates to apply from a later date to be notified, subject to the stated compensation-cess loan and interest condition. Check for a later notification before relying on the status of those tobacco rates. Ministry of Finance GST FAQ

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What GST rate applies to common examples?

The Ministry FAQ gives the following examples. The precise description and tariff classification matter; do not assume that an item with a similar everyday name receives the same rate.

Item described in the FAQ Rate stated Important distinction
Motorcycles up to and including 350 cc 18% Motorcycles above 350 cc are listed at 40%.
Motorcycles above 350 cc 40% The FAQ separates these from motorcycles at or below 350 cc.
Bicycles and bicycle parts 5% The FAQ says the rate was reduced from 12%.
Spectacles and goggles for correcting vision 5% Other spectacles and goggles are stated at 18%.
Lithium-ion and other batteries under heading 8507 18% The FAQ describes batteries under this heading as uniformly taxed at 18%.

These are examples, not a substitute for checking a particular product against the applicable notification and tariff description. Ministry of Finance GST FAQ

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How can I confirm the rate for a specific product?

Use the exact goods or service description and its tariff classification, rather than relying only on a broad label such as “bicycle,” “battery” or “food.” The Ministry FAQ identifies Notification No. 9/2025-Central Tax (Rate), dated 17 September 2025, for amended goods rates; Notification No. 10/2025-Central Tax (Rate) for exempt goods; and Notification No. 2/2025-Compensation Cess (Rate) for amended compensation cess rates. The notifications’ schedules control the detailed classification. Ministry FAQ and notification references

What if the supply, invoice and payment dates fall on different sides of the change?

The date printed on a bill does not by itself settle every transition case. The Ministry FAQ points to section 14 of the CGST Act, whose time-of-supply rules apply when a supply, invoice and payment span a rate change.

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  • For a supply made before the change with an invoice issued after it, if payment is received after the change, the FAQ says the time of supply is the earlier of the payment-receipt date or invoice date.
  • If payment was received before the change, the FAQ says the time of supply is the payment-receipt date.
  • For advances where the supply is incomplete or no invoice has been issued, the rate is determined under the time-of-supply provisions.

The relevant dates and transaction facts determine how the rule applies; for a disputed bill, check the underlying documents and the applicable statutory provisions. Ministry of Finance GST FAQ

Do old MRP labels on shop stock still apply?

The government’s follow-up FAQ says that recalling, relabelling or restickering packs already released into the market before 22 September 2025 is not mandatory if the manufacturer or marketing company ensures price compliance at the retailer level. This is a conditional rule about old market stock and label changes, not permission to charge an arbitrary amount. If a price is disputed, keep the bill and packaging and check the consumer-protection and tax rules that apply to the specific facts. Ministry of Finance GST FAQ

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Will a lower GST rate automatically mean a lower retail price?

Not necessarily by a fixed or predictable amount. The announced rates are tax-policy figures, not measurements of consumer savings. The official materials cited here do not establish a universal rupee saving or prove that every retail price fell. Check the actual price and bill for the item rather than inferring a price reduction from a rate change alone.

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  • Powerful Pass-Through Charging: Supports up to 85W pass-through charging so you can power up your laptop while you use the hub. Note: Pass-through charging requires a charger (not included). Note: To achieve full power for iPad, we recommend using a 45W wall charger.
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