A 2026 survey of 94 farmers in central northern Algeria found substantial reported crop damage from Barbary macaques: more than half of surveyed farms reported damage between June and September, and one third had been abandoned because of severe crop losses. The findings make clear that the conflict can threaten livelihoods, but they do not represent every macaque range or every farming community in Algeria. The challenge is to address those losses without overlooking the macaque’s endangered status and the habitat pressures it faces.
What the farmer survey found—and what it did not
Mellal and colleagues’ study, published in Scientific Reports on 16 September 2026, is direct farmer-survey evidence of crop-foraging conflict in central northern Algeria. The authors report that macaques were widely perceived by respondents as a “nuisance”; that describes surveyed farmers’ perceptions, not an objective quality of the animals. The article is an early accepted version and the journal notes that it may be updated before the final version of record. Read the study and its publication details.
| Finding | Scope and qualification |
|---|---|
| 94 farmers surveyed | Farmers included in the 2026 study; not a census of all farms or macaque-range communities in Algeria. Mellal et al., 2026. |
| More than 50% of farms reported crop damage | Damage was reported between June and September among surveyed farms; this seasonal pattern should not be generalized beyond the study area. Mellal et al., 2026. |
| One third of farms had been abandoned | The authors attributed abandonment to severe crop loss in the surveyed context. Mellal et al., 2026. |
The study also found that larger cultivated areas were associated with more frequent crop-foraging. Altitude and proximity to settlements had weaker positive associations. These are associations, not proof that any one factor causes macaques to forage in a particular field; they do not establish a universal risk formula for farmers.
Why conflict is also a conservation problem
The Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) is classified as Endangered by the IUCN. Its 2020 Red List assessment identifies destruction and degradation of forest habitat as the most serious threat, while also recording agricultural conflict with local people in Algeria. Human settlement, agriculture, access to forests, infrastructure and interactions around crops can bring people and macaques into closer contact, though the assessment includes historical and reported information rather than newly measured conditions for every location. IUCN Red List assessment.
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Algeria’s 2018–2027 conservation strategy identifies habitat loss and degradation, fragmentation, conflict with residents and poaching as concerns. Its stated vision is for viable, connected macaque populations throughout the species’ historic Algerian range by 2050, living in harmony with surrounding communities. A published strategy sets a direction; by itself, it does not show that each planned action has been carried out or has succeeded. Read the Algerian conservation strategy.
The stakes are therefore not a simple choice between farmers and wildlife. Reported crop losses can place real pressure on rural livelihoods, while poorly adapted responses may increase tensions or add risks for macaques. IUCN’s 2022 issue brief defines human–wildlife conflict as “struggles that emerge when the presence or behaviour of wildlife poses an actual or perceived, direct and recurring threat to human interests or needs, leading to disagreements between groups of people and negative impacts on people and/or wildlife.” The definition emphasizes that social impacts and disagreements are part of the problem, not an afterthought. IUCN’s human–wildlife conflict guidance.
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How the evidence has changed
A 2025 review of the Barbary macaque in Algeria assessed 409 studies and identified 41 relevant to the Algerian context. At that time, it said published data on human–macaque conflict in Algeria were absent and called for research on foraging and community-based mitigation. That statement described the literature available to the review; the 2026 farmer survey has since added direct conflict data. Read the 2025 review.
The review estimated more than 9,000 macaques in Algeria, but described this as preliminary: surveys are incomplete in several regions and the estimates combine methods that differ. It is not a precise, current census, and a difference from older estimates may reflect improved survey coverage rather than population growth. This uncertainty matters when interpreting both the scale of conservation needs and where conflict response may be most urgent.
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What farmers and conservationists can consider
The available sources do not establish which intervention works best for Algerian macaque crop-foraging. IUCN’s general guidance lists measures that may be considered, including barriers, nets, trenches, guarding and early-warning systems, deterrents, compensation or insurance, and alternatives that reduce risk. These are options to assess with affected communities, not proven solutions for this particular conflict. Their feasibility and effects depend on local ecological and social conditions. IUCN guidance on human–wildlife conflict and coexistence.
- Start with local evidence. Identify when and where crop damage occurs, which crops and farm conditions are involved, and what losses farmers report. The survey’s June–September timing is a finding for its surveyed farms, not a calendar to assume elsewhere.
- Choose measures collaboratively. Farmers, conservation practitioners and relevant local authorities need to weigh practical costs, likely impacts on macaques, and whether a measure could shift the problem to another field or community.
- Assess outcomes, not just deployment. Track crop losses, farm impacts and effects on wildlife after an intervention is introduced. The sources do not provide a locally validated method or evidence that any named measure has already reduced this conflict.
Monitoring or early-warning tools could be considered as part of a locally designed approach, but the evidence cited here does not show that a particular technology has been tested or proven effective for Algerian macaques. A device or barrier is not a substitute for understanding the pattern of losses and agreeing on a response that affected people can sustain.
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