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Use min() to set a ceiling, max() to set a floor, and clamp() to keep a fluid value between both. These CSS math functions let responsive widths, spacing, and text sizes adapt without a series of breakpoint-specific overrides.
What do min(), max(), and clamp() do?
Each function compares CSS math expressions and returns a value for the property where you use it. The key difference is which constraint it enforces:
| Need | Function | Example | What it does |
|---|---|---|---|
| Set a ceiling | min() |
width: min(90%, 70rem); |
Uses whichever candidate is smaller, so the width can shrink with its context but will not exceed 70rem. |
| Set a floor | max() |
font-size: max(1rem, 2vw); |
Uses whichever candidate is larger, so the result will not fall below 1rem. |
| Set both bounds around a fluid value | clamp() |
font-size: clamp(1rem, 2.5vw, 2rem); |
Uses the preferred value while it is within the bounds; otherwise it uses the applicable bound. |
These are example patterns, not universal design tokens. Choose values for the content, property, and layout you actually have.
How does min() work?
min(value1, value2, ...) evaluates its comma-separated candidates and returns the smallest. It is useful when something should respond to available space but stop growing past a chosen size.
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.content {
width: min(90%, 70rem);
margin-inline: auto;
}Here the width is the smaller of 90% of the relevant containing context and 70rem. The percentage does not mean 90% of the viewport in every case; percentages resolve according to the property and its context. See MDN’s min() reference.
How does max() work?
max(value1, value2, ...) returns the largest candidate. Use it when a value can grow responsively but needs a minimum floor.
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.label {
font-size: max(1rem, 2vw);
}The result is whichever is larger: 1rem or 2vw. A viewport term alone can become too small at a narrow viewport, so a floor can prevent the value from dropping below the chosen minimum. See MDN’s max() reference.
How does clamp() work?
clamp(minimum, preferred, maximum) expresses a lower bound, a value that can vary, and an upper bound in one declaration.
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.heading {
font-size: clamp(1rem, 2.5vw, 2rem);
}When the preferred 2.5vw value is between 1rem and 2rem, it is used. Below that range the result is 1rem; above it, the result is 2rem. This is useful for fluid text or spacing that should not become arbitrarily small or large. See MDN’s clamp() reference.
How do I choose the right function?
- Decide whether the design needs a ceiling, a floor, or both.
- If there is a fluid preferred value, identify the expression that suits the property. It need not be a viewport unit; a percentage or another valid expression may fit better.
- Choose bounds based on the real content and layout rather than copying example values as universal rules.
- Check the result at narrow and wide widths, and verify that text remains legible when enlarged.
Use min() for a ceiling, max() for a floor, and clamp() when you need both around a preferred value.
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Can these functions mix units or be combined?
CSS math functions can compare compatible expressions with different units, such as a percentage and a length. The values must still be valid for the property, and percentages resolve in that property’s relevant context. Consult MDN’s guide to using CSS math functions for details.
You can nest or combine min() and max(), including inside clamp() or calc(). That flexibility is useful for more involved constraints, but prefer the shortest expression that makes the design rule clear and maintainable.
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Accessibility and common mistakes
- Preserve text enlargement. MDN advises that when
clamp()controls text size, the maximum relative length should be no less than twice the minimum relative length. Treat that as guidance, not proof of accessibility: test the actual page with zoom and text resizing. - Do not confuse functions with properties.
min()andmax()are functions used inside a value expression;min-widthandmax-widthare separate CSS properties. - Do not leave fluid text unbounded when the design needs limits. A viewport-based value can be too small at one end or too large at the other; use explicit bounds where appropriate.
- Account for percentages. Their resolved size depends on the property and containing context, not automatically on the viewport.
- Avoid hard-to-read nesting. Combining functions is allowed, but simpler declarations are easier to inspect and maintain.
Browser support
MDN labels min(), max(), and clamp() Baseline Widely available and documents availability across browsers since July 2020. That status is not a guarantee for every legacy browser or embedded web view. Check your project’s support matrix when older clients matter.
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