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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsCOPPA is a U.S. federal law that gives parents control over personal information collected online from children under 13. It generally requires covered websites, apps, and other online services to notify parents and obtain verifiable parental consent before collecting, using, or disclosing a child’s information, with limited exceptions.
What COPPA covers—and who must comply
The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) was enacted by Congress in 1998. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) put the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Rule into effect in 2000 to implement the law.
The federal age threshold is under 13. COPPA applies to operators of commercial websites and online services—including mobile apps and Internet-connected devices—when their services are directed to children under 13 and they collect personal information. It can also apply to a general-audience service when the operator has actual knowledge that it is collecting, using, or disclosing personal information from a child under 13.
Some third parties, such as advertising networks or plug-ins, may also be covered when they collect information directly from users of a child-directed service. Coverage depends on the service, its audience, and what the operator knows; the fact that children might visit a general-audience service does not by itself mean the operator must investigate every user’s age.
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How a service can have actual knowledge
Actual knowledge can arise when a service receives information that establishes a user is under 13. Asking for or collecting a user’s age can therefore create knowledge that triggers COPPA obligations. A service’s age policy or the age limits of a platform it uses may differ from COPPA’s federal threshold.
What information counts as personal information
The Rule covers more than a child’s legal name. FTC guidance includes:
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- First and last name, physical address, telephone number, Social Security number, and online contact information.
- A screen name or user name that functions as online contact information.
- Persistent identifiers that can recognize a user over time or across services.
- Photographs, videos, or audio containing a child’s image or voice.
- Geolocation precise enough to identify a street name and city or town.
- Information about a child or parent when it is combined with one of the listed identifiers.
The 2025 amendments expand the definition to include biometric identifiers and government-issued identifiers in the amended definitions.
What covered operators must do
For a covered service, COPPA compliance is an ongoing set of duties, not just a consent screen. In practical terms, an operator should:
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- Determine whether the Rule applies. Assess whether the service is child-directed, whether it has actual knowledge of under-13 users, and whether third parties collect information directly through the service.
- Publish a clear privacy policy. Explain the service’s practices for children’s personal information.
- Notify parents directly. Provide the required notice before collecting information from a child.
- Obtain verifiable parental consent. Do so before collecting, using, or disclosing the child’s personal information, unless a limited Rule exception applies.
- Provide parental controls. Let parents review and request deletion of the child’s information, withdraw consent, and make required choices about disclosure to third parties.
- Protect and limit the data. Use reasonable security procedures, collect no more information than is reasonably necessary, and retain information only as long as needed for the purpose for which it was collected.
How parental consent is verified
The consent method must be reasonably designed, in light of available technology, to establish that the person giving consent is the child’s parent. FTC materials describe methods including signed forms, certain transaction-based verification, trained telephone or video personnel, and government-ID checks. When an ID is used, the method described by the FTC calls for prompt deletion after verification.
What parents can ask a service to do
Parents decide whether to give consent when COPPA requires it. In permitted situations, they can consent to a service collecting and using information internally while refusing disclosure to third parties. They can also ask to review the personal information collected from their child, request its deletion, or withdraw consent so the operator stops further collection or use. The operator must take reasonable steps to verify that someone requesting access is the child’s parent.
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If you believe a service collected a child’s information unlawfully, the FTC directs consumers to report it at ReportFraud.ftc.gov.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What changed in the 2025 amendments
The FTC finalized amendments to the COPPA Rule in January 2025. The changes include:
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- Separate verifiable parental opt-in consent for disclosures to third parties related to targeted advertising and certain other purposes.
- A requirement to limit retention to what is reasonably necessary for the specific purpose for which information was collected.
- Greater public transparency from FTC-approved Safe Harbor programs.
- An expanded personal-information definition that includes biometric identifiers and government-issued identifiers in the amended definitions.
These provisions add to COPPA’s existing consent, notice, security, and data-minimization duties. The 2025 changes do not mean that every use or disclosure has the same consent requirement; operators need to assess the purpose and recipient under the Rule.
What the FTC’s 2026 age-verification statement means
In February 2026, the FTC issued an enforcement-policy statement concerning age verification. It says the Commission will not bring a COPPA enforcement action against certain general-audience and mixed-audience services that collect, use, or disclose personal information solely to determine a user’s age, provided the operator meets the statement’s conditions.
This is narrow enforcement discretion, not a general exemption from COPPA. It applies to the described age-determination processing and qualifying services; it does not remove the Rule’s other duties or authorize unrelated use of information gathered for age checks.
How to assess an app or website
When deciding what a service’s COPPA practices mean for your family, check its privacy policy and parental tools for these specifics:
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- Which types of personal information it collects and why.
- How it gives parents notice and obtains verifiable consent before covered collection.
- Whether it discloses data to advertising networks or other third parties, and whether separate opt-in consent applies.
- How a parent can review, delete, or stop further collection or use of a child’s information.
- How long information is retained, and what security practices the service describes.
- Whether information used for age verification is limited to age determination under the FTC’s 2026 policy statement.
Where COPPA’s protections stop
COPPA is a U.S. federal framework, not a universal privacy rule. State privacy laws, laws in other countries, school agreements, platform rules, and a service’s own age policy may impose additional duties or use different age thresholds. A service’s statement that it follows COPPA also does not, by itself, answer every question about its privacy practices; parents can review the policy, consent choices, and available access or deletion controls.
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