Usually not for the earliest wave of data-center growth. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) says widespread commercial deployment of advanced nuclear reactors is likely in the 2030s. New plants could become an important source of power later, but their schedules do not reliably match every data center’s near-term deadline. Existing plants, restarts and a broader mix of electricity sources may help meet demand sooner.
Why the timing question matters
Data-center electricity use is rising quickly, but forecasts are not guarantees. A DOE announcement about a DOE-funded Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) report said U.S. data centers used 4.4% of the nation’s electricity in 2023 and could account for 6.7%–12% in 2028. LBNL estimated use at 176 terawatt-hours (TWh) in 2023, up from 58 TWh in 2014, and projected 325–580 TWh in 2028. Those 2028 figures are a wide forecast range, not measured future consumption.
The demand is also difficult to serve with national totals alone. Data centers may need dependable electricity around the clock, can add large loads quickly, and often must locate near users or network infrastructure to meet latency requirements. Whether a particular plant can help a particular facility depends on location, grid connections, transmission capacity, and how quickly the facility’s demand grows.
What DOE’s nuclear timeline does—and does not—mean
In an April 2025 explainer, DOE said licensing, demonstrating and deploying additional advanced reactor designs will take years, and placed widespread commercial deployment in the 2030s. This is an agency outlook, not a guaranteed opening date for every reactor design or project. Individual schedules depend on licensing, construction, fuel readiness, financing and connection to the grid.
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Recent milestones show activity, not electricity already available to data centers. DOE reported that TerraPower’s Natrium project received a construction permit in March 2026 and broke ground the following month. DOE also reported that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) was reviewing Dow’s application for an X-energy Xe-100 project. A permit, groundbreaking or application review is not commercial operation, and none by itself establishes when power will reach a customer.
Which nuclear options could help sooner?
“Nuclear power for data centers” can mean several different arrangements. A new reactor, a restarted plant and a contract for output from a plant already operating have different schedules and delivery conditions.
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| Option | What it can offer | What determines delivery |
|---|---|---|
| New reactor construction | Potential new, firm generation for later demand. | Licensing, construction, fuel and grid milestones; DOE’s April 2025 outlook places widespread advanced-reactor deployment in the 2030s. |
| Restarting a closed plant | Potentially earlier generation than a new build, if the facility can return to service. | Required upgrades and regulatory approvals, plus the project’s actual status and grid path. |
| Contracting with an operating plant | A way to arrange access to existing generation without building a new reactor. | Contract terms, phase-in, location, transmission and how costs are allocated; a contract does not necessarily mean the generator is co-located with the data center or produces power at the same moment it is consumed. |
Restarts are not new builds
The Energy Information Administration (EIA) reported in October 2024 that Constellation targeted a 2028 restart for Three Mile Island Unit 1 under its agreement with Microsoft. That dated target was contingent on upgrades and federal, state and local approvals; it should not be treated as confirmation that the unit is operating or that its current schedule is unchanged.
An operating-plant contract is not necessarily immediate full output
EIA described an Amazon Web Services (AWS) agreement for up to 960 megawatts (MW) from the operating Susquehanna plant. The arrangement phases capacity in 120-MW increments over multiple years and includes a one-time option to cap the amount at 480 MW. The headline maximum is therefore not the same as power delivered immediately: the phase-in and contract terms matter.
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Why a power deal does not settle grid delivery
A power purchase agreement (PPA) does not necessarily require the generator to sit beside a data center or deliver electricity at the same time the facility uses it. The contract, the generator’s output, and the electricity that can physically reach a site are related but distinct. Proposed co-location arrangements can also raise questions about who pays grid charges and how system costs are allocated.
For a specific project, the practical questions are whether generation and the data center can connect to the grid on the required schedule, whether transmission can carry the power, and how the facility’s load ramp compares with the supply arrangement. A plant’s nameplate capacity or a contracted MW figure alone cannot establish that a particular site will receive all the electricity it wants at a given hour.
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What can bridge demand before new reactors are widely available?
DOE points to a portfolio rather than a single near-term replacement for nuclear. Existing generation, grid expansion, energy storage, efficiency and more flexible demand can contribute, while wind and solar are among the options that can scale more quickly. Nuclear and next-generation geothermal can be part of the longer-term clean firm-power picture. None of these options guarantees adequate supply in every region: local generation, interconnection and transmission constraints still matter.
These resources also serve different roles. Solar and wind can add generation, while storage can shift electricity across time; efficiency and demand flexibility can reduce or reschedule some load. Their usefulness for an individual data center depends on the facility’s operating requirements and the electricity system serving it. A portfolio can address timing and system fit more effectively than assuming one new plant will meet every site’s needs.
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How to assess a proposed nuclear supply plan
For a data-center project, separate the expected date and amount of generation from the date and amount of power the site can actually receive. Ask for evidence on the following points:
- Project stage: Is the reactor proposed, in licensing, permitted, under construction, restarting, or already operating?
- Delivery schedule: What is the expected service date, and which licensing, construction, fuel or approval milestones remain?
- Quantity and timing: Is the MW figure a maximum, a phased commitment, a cap, or a firm delivery quantity at specified times?
- Grid fit: Are interconnection and transmission arrangements in place to serve the site’s location and load ramp?
- System and contract costs: Who pays for grid upgrades and charges, and how are costs allocated if the arrangement involves co-location?
- Contingencies: What happens if the plant, grid connection or data-center load is delayed or changes?
There is no universal cost winner established across technologies, electricity markets and sites. A schedule or supply claim is most useful when it identifies the facility, the delivery path, the committed quantity and the conditions that could change the date.
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