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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsNATS can connect microservices through live request-reply calls, event broadcasts, and work-sharing subscriptions. For messages that must survive an outage or wait for a service to return, add JetStream: Core NATS does not store messages for offline subscribers, while JetStream provides streams, consumer acknowledgements, and redelivery controls.
The key design choice is not simply whether to use NATS. It is which delivery behavior each interaction needs. Choose that first, then define the subjects, service permissions, persistence, and operating practices around it.
Choose a messaging pattern for each interaction
NATS addresses messages with subjects. The subject and subscription pattern determine which services can receive a message and whether it is shared or distributed. Start by deciding whether the caller needs an immediate response, whether several services should see an event, whether only one instance should handle work, and whether a message must remain available after a subscriber disconnects.
| Pattern | What happens | Use it when | Important limit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Request-reply | A requester publishes a request and waits for a response on a temporary inbox subject. | A service needs a result within a bounded time. | The caller must handle timeouts and the no-responders signal; this pattern does not itself make a request durable. |
| Publish-subscribe | Each currently connected subscriber with a matching subscription can receive the published message. | Multiple services need to react to a live event. | Core NATS does not keep the event for subscribers that are offline or not yet subscribed. |
| Queue group | One member of a queue group receives each message, distributing work among interchangeable instances. | Several instances provide the same work-serving capability. | This is work distribution, not broadcast; Core NATS still does not retain a message for a group with no connected member. |
| JetStream stream and consumer | A stream stores messages matching configured subjects; consumers track delivery and acknowledgements. | Messages must wait for readers, be replayed, or be acknowledged and retried. | Storage, retention, acknowledgement, and redelivery behavior must be configured for the workload. |
Core NATS or JetStream?
Core NATS is ephemeral and at-most-once: it delivers to interested subscribers that are connected when the message is published, and it does not store the message for later delivery. Use it when that live, transient behavior is acceptable. JetStream adds persistence and consumer state, with at-least-once delivery semantics and configurable redelivery. It is the appropriate choice when a missed event or unfinished work must be recoverable.
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JetStream documentation also describes exactly-once capabilities, but that label should not be treated as a blanket guarantee for an entire business workflow. Design handlers to tolerate repeated delivery, and verify the deduplication and acknowledgement mechanisms supported by the server and client versions you deploy.
Design a stable subject vocabulary
A subject is both an address and part of the access-control model. NATS subjects are dot-delimited and support * and > wildcards. Define which service owns each request subject and which event subjects are contracts other services may consume. Keep the vocabulary documented and make service ownership explicit so that a new subscriber does not silently become a dependency nobody intended.
Separate commands, requests, and facts
Use request subjects for work directed to an owning service, and event subjects for facts that have occurred and may interest multiple services. For example, a service might receive a request on orders.lookup and publish a fact on orders.created. These names are illustrative, not a NATS-mandated convention. Choose naming, versioning, and tenant boundaries to fit the application, then treat shared subjects as interfaces that need deliberate change management.
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Make request-reply behavior explicit
- The requester subscribes to a temporary
_INBOXreply subject before publishing the request. - It sets a timeout that reflects the caller’s needs and handles both timeout and no-responders outcomes.
- The responding service processes the request and publishes its reply to the inbox supplied with that request.
- Permissions allow the requester to use its inbox and allow the responder to reply without granting an unnecessarily broad publish right.
A timeout means the caller did not receive a response in time; it does not prove that the operation never ran. For operations with side effects, define how retries are made safe, such as by using an application-level idempotency key or another duplicate-protection mechanism.
Scale interchangeable workers with queue groups
When several service instances can perform the same work, have them subscribe using the same queue-group name. NATS distributes each message to one member of that group rather than sending a copy to every member. By contrast, ordinary pub-sub sends a live event to every matching subscriber. Use broadcast when multiple services each need the event; use a queue group when instances are alternatives for handling one piece of work.
Queue groups distribute live messages; they do not provide durable work storage by themselves. If work must wait while all workers are unavailable, use JetStream and choose a consumer configuration that supports the required acknowledgement and redelivery behavior. In either design, account for slow handlers, failures, and duplicate effects wherever redelivery is possible.
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Model streams around retained subjects
A stream stores messages that match its configured subjects. Decide which subjects belong in each stream and set storage and retention to match the data’s purpose. JetStream supports file or memory storage, replication, replay, and multiple retention policies. Retention is a business and capacity decision: it determines how long messages remain available, not merely whether a consumer has acknowledged them.
Choose consumers around how services read
Consumers maintain delivery and acknowledgement state for reading stream messages. Choose whether a service needs a durable consumer that keeps its progress, and whether pull or push consumption fits its control and scaling needs. Define what happens when a message is acknowledged, negatively acknowledged, terminated, or left unacknowledged; these choices affect redelivery and recovery. A service should acknowledge only when its processing outcome is at the point the application considers complete.
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Plan handlers for repeated delivery. A consumer can redeliver an unacknowledged message, so a handler that updates a database or triggers another side effect should be safe when invoked again. JetStream’s delivery guarantees apply to message delivery and acknowledgement mechanisms; they do not automatically make an external database update and message acknowledgement one atomic transaction.
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Secure subjects and connections deliberately
Give each service the subject permissions it needs
NATS authorization separates publish and subscribe permissions. Assign distinct identities to services and scope each identity to its required subjects. For example, a service that reads order events may need subscription access to an order-event subject, while only the owning service may publish that event. A wildcard such as orders.> grants access across that subject hierarchy; a blanket > can expose unrelated application subjects and JetStream API subjects.
For request-reply, include the inbox and response behavior in the permission design. Response permissions can allow a responder to publish replies without a broad general-purpose publish grant. Review permissions whenever a subject contract changes, rather than solving access errors by granting all services unrestricted wildcard access.
Configure TLS for each connection type
TLS protects traffic in transit, but client TLS settings do not automatically secure server-to-server links. Configure TLS separately for client, cluster, leaf-node, and gateway connections used by the deployment. JetStream encryption at rest is a separate storage control; enabling connection TLS does not encrypt stored stream data on disk.
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- Marvelous Durability: Internet cable wrapped with quality cotton braided cord, which makes the LAN cable stronger and more durable. The test proves that this internet cable can be bent at least 10000 times without broken, very suitable for long-term use
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Plan deployment, health, and recovery
Production operation involves more than starting NATS servers. Decide how server configuration and JetStream resources are deployed and kept consistent, who owns subject and permission changes, and how teams will observe consumer progress, redelivery, and stream state. Define recovery expectations for node loss and restoration before relying on persistence.
- Deployment: NATS ecosystem materials include Kubernetes Helm charts and controllers for declarative JetStream resources. These are options, not prerequisites; choose deployment tooling that matches the environment.
- Observability: Prometheus exporter and NATS Surveyor are among the documented ecosystem tools. Select monitoring that helps operators inspect server health as well as stream and consumer behavior.
- Health checks: NATS Micro defines a service ping API that can report service name, instance ID, and version at service or instance level. Treat it as one input to health reporting, not a replacement for infrastructure readiness, liveness, or end-to-end checks.
- Configuration and storage: Review the NATS server configuration for JetStream storage directories and cluster-related settings, and ensure the storage location and recovery process suit the deployment.
For cross-account or cross-domain JetStream sharing, exports and imports must be configured along with appropriate permissions for API, acknowledgement, and delivery subjects. Subject formats and features can vary by version, so validate the design against the documentation for the deployed server version.
Build the architecture in a deliberate sequence
- Map service interactions. For each interaction, record the owner, subject, consumers, and whether it is a request, a broadcast event, or distributed work.
- Set delivery expectations. Decide whether transient Core NATS delivery is sufficient or whether the interaction needs JetStream storage, replay, acknowledgement, and redelivery.
- Define subject contracts. Document names, ownership, payload expectations, and changes that could affect subscribers. Keep commands and facts distinct where that improves clarity.
- Choose scaling behavior. Use ordinary subscriptions when every interested service should receive a live event; use a queue group for interchangeable workers; select an appropriate JetStream consumer when durable processing is required.
- Scope identity and permissions. Give each service only the publish, subscribe, inbox, and response access it needs. Configure TLS for each connection type and consider storage encryption separately.
- Specify failure and recovery behavior. Set request timeouts, define retry and duplicate-handling behavior, configure stream retention and consumer acknowledgements, and plan how operators restore service after a node or subscriber outage.
- Operate and verify. Deploy server and JetStream configuration consistently, monitor server and consumer state, and check client/server/tool compatibility for the versions actually in use.
Official NATS references used for these patterns span different version labels: the JetStream guide is identified as 2.12, the cross-account guide as 2.12 with notes on newer 2.14 features, and the service-ping reference identifies 2.15 as latest on that page. These labels are not a single compatibility guarantee; verify behavior against the versions deployed.
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