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A successful login proves that a user presented valid identity evidence. It does not prove that the user is allowed to view a particular record, change a setting, call an administrative API, or see every field returned by the application. Before launch, define those permissions and enforce them on the server for every relevant request.
Authentication and authorization answer different questions
Authentication asks who is making a request. Authorization asks whether that authenticated user—or an unauthenticated visitor—is allowed to perform a particular action on a particular resource. OWASP states that “Authorization is distinct from authentication which is the process of verifying an entity’s identity.” OWASP Authorization Cheat Sheet
For example, a regular user and an administrator can both sign in successfully, but only the administrator may be entitled to manage accounts. A public landing page may be viewable without signing in at all. The permission decision depends on the action and resource, not merely on whether a login succeeded.
Where permission checks must happen
Make access decisions at a trusted server-side enforcement point, such as the application service, API gateway, or serverless function that handles the request. Hiding a button or page in the browser can improve usability, but it is not a security boundary: a user can try a direct URL or send a request without using the visible interface.
Check permission on every request that reads or changes protected data, including API calls. OWASP puts it plainly: “Permission should be validated correctly on every request, regardless of whether the request was initiated by an AJAX script, server-side, or any other source.” OWASP Authorization Cheat Sheet
OWASP’s ASVS 5.0 frames the goal this way: “Authorization ensures that access is granted only to permitted consumers (users, servers, and other clients).” Its authorization guidance addresses restrictions at several scopes, rather than treating access as a single login gate. OWASP ASVS 5.0, V8 Authorization
Decide what each identity may do and see
Write permissions in terms of an actor, an action, a resource, and any conditions that matter. A useful policy might say that a signed-in user can read and update their own profile, while an administrator can manage all users. Apply the same clarity to teams, tenants, uploads, API operations, and configuration.
Function-level permissions
Control which operations a user can invoke. Examples include creating an account, exporting data, inviting team members, or changing administrative settings. A hidden admin menu does not prevent a regular user from calling the underlying endpoint directly.
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Record-level permissions
Control which individual records a user can access. A user who may view their own invoice should not automatically be able to view another customer’s invoice by changing an identifier in a URL or API request. OWASP ASVS identifies object-level access issues such as insecure direct object references (IDOR) and broken object-level authorization (BOLA).
Field-level permissions
Control which properties of an otherwise accessible record a user may read or change. A profile response might include fields that the user is not entitled to see, or an update request might accept a privileged field such as an account role. OWASP ASVS 5.0 includes field-level restrictions to help address broken object property level authorization (BOPLA).
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Protect the information used to make permission decisions
Base decisions on trustworthy identity and policy data. Do not let a client grant itself access by submitting a different user ID, role, owner value, tenant, or permission flag. The server should derive identity and relevant attributes from trusted sources and verify that they are valid for the requested operation. OWASP advises that policy information and user attributes used in access decisions must not be manipulable by users unless that manipulation is expressly authorized. OWASP ASVS 4.0.3, V4 Access Control
Use least privilege: grant each user, service, application component, and database account only the access needed for its job. A narrow permission model reduces the damage an account or component can do if it is misused or compromised.
Pre-launch authorization review
- Inventory protected capabilities and data. List administrative functions, API operations, user-owned records, team or tenant data, sensitive fields, uploads, and configuration. Note which pages or resources are intentionally public.
- Write the access rules. For each action and resource, state who may perform it and under what conditions. Include anonymous visitors where public access is intended, rather than relying on an accidental absence of a login check.
- Trace requests to enforcement. Follow every request that returns or changes protected data to the trusted server-side check. Confirm the backend uses trusted identity and policy attributes, not values a caller can alter.
- Review privileges beyond end users. Check application, service, and database accounts as well as user roles. Remove permissions that are not needed.
- Test allowed and denied cases. Verify both what a user should be able to do and what must be rejected. Use the matrix below to make gaps easier to spot.
- Automate repeatable checks and assess residual risk. Add unit and integration tests for authorization criteria. For applications with sensitive data or privileged actions, consider a dedicated security review or penetration test; automated tests do not replace dedicated security testing.
A practical permission test matrix
| Test case | Expected result |
|---|---|
| A user requests their own record | Allow only the actions and fields granted by the policy. |
| The same user requests another user’s record by changing its identifier | Deny access unless the policy explicitly grants it. |
| A regular user calls an administrator-only function | Deny the request at the trusted enforcement point, even if the browser hides the control. |
| A caller requests a restricted field or submits a changed role, owner, or tenant value | Do not disclose or accept values beyond that caller’s permissions. |
| The request is sent directly to the API instead of through the browser interface | Apply the same authorization rule as for any other request. |
| An anonymous visitor requests a resource intended to be public | Allow the intended public access without treating login as universally required. |
Record both the allowed and denied outcomes in tests. A test suite that proves ordinary workflows work but never tries unauthorized requests leaves important behavior unchecked.
Use OWASP standards to structure verification
OWASP’s Application Security Verification Standard (ASVS) is a basis for testing web application technical security controls and a list of secure-development requirements. Its current 5.0 authorization material is organized under V8 and covers function-, data-, and field-level access. ASVS 4.0.3 also describes trusted service-layer enforcement and least privilege. OWASP ASVS project
For AI-enabled systems, OWASP describes AISVS as “an open, community-driven catalogue of testable security requirements for AI-enabled systems.” Its page reports that AISVS 1.0 was released in June 2026 at OWASP Global AppSec in Vienna, with 191 requirements across 12 chapters and three appendices. OWASP advises choosing a target level based on system risk and says most production systems should aim for at least Level 2; this is standards guidance, not an evaluation of any particular website. OWASP AISVS
These standards can help turn a vague “is it secure?” question into verifiable requirements. Passing selected checks or using an AI-enabled-system standard does not, by itself, establish that a specific generated application is safe; assurance depends on inspecting and testing the application that will actually be deployed.
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