For an investor who wants long-term S&P 500 exposure, VOO and IVV have the lower stated expense ratios in the reviewed issuer materials: 0.03% each, compared with SPY’s 0.0945% gross expense ratio. SPY may still fit investors who value its listed options or trade actively. The three funds target substantially similar large-cap U.S. equity exposure, but costs, account features and trading needs can make one more suitable for a particular portfolio.
How SPY, VOO and IVV compare
All three are U.S.-listed ETFs designed to provide exposure tied to the S&P 500. Their stated objectives are not worded identically, and fund holdings and results should not be assumed to match exactly. The table summarizes the cited issuer and SEC-filed materials; figures are dated and can change.
| ETF | Index exposure | Stated annual fee | Trading details in cited sources |
| SPY | Seeks, before expenses, to correspond generally to the S&P 500’s price and yield performance. State Street product page. | 0.0945% gross expense ratio, as reported on State Street’s product page accessed October 4, 2026. State Street product page. | State Street lists options availability as “Yes.” It reports inception on January 22, 1993. These are issuer-reported facts, not a same-date liquidity comparison. State Street product page. |
| VOO | Vanguard’s fact sheet identifies the S&P 500 as its benchmark. Vanguard fact sheet. | 0.03%, per Vanguard’s fact sheet dated June 30, 2026. Vanguard fact sheet. | ETF shares trade through a broker and may trade above or below net asset value (NAV); brokerage commissions may apply. Vanguard fact sheet. |
| IVV | Seeks to track an index of large-cap U.S. equities; the SEC-filed prospectus identifies the S&P 500 as its underlying index. SEC summary prospectus, July 31, 2026. | 0.03% annual fund operating expenses in the July 31, 2026 SEC summary prospectus. SEC summary prospectus, July 31, 2026. | The SEC filing identifies NYSE Arca as its listing exchange. Ordinary ETF market-price and fund risks apply. SEC summary prospectus, July 31, 2026. |
Fees and fund details can change, so consult each fund’s current prospectus and issuer page when making a decision. The sources cited here do not establish a complete, same-date ranking of bid-ask spreads, trading volume or liquidity across the three ETFs.
What the fee difference means in dollars
The difference between SPY’s stated 0.0945% gross expense ratio and VOO’s or IVV’s 0.03% fee is 0.0645 percentage points. On a constant $10,000 balance, that works out to about $6.45 per year in fund expenses. This is arithmetic from the stated ratios, not a return forecast or an estimate of every cost an investor may pay.
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Expense ratios are only one part of the cost of owning an ETF. Brokerage commissions, bid-ask spreads, the price paid relative to NAV, and how often and how much an investor trades can affect realized costs. Those factors matter particularly when trades are frequent or small; the cited material does not quantify comparable spreads for all three funds on one date.
When SPY’s trading features may matter
State Street lists options availability for SPY. That can be relevant to investors who use options or need the ability to trade them on the fund. Options add their own risks and complexity, and availability alone does not show that SPY will be cheaper or more suitable for a particular strategy.
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For an investor who buys shares infrequently and holds them, the lower stated expense ratios of VOO and IVV are a straightforward point of comparison. For an active trader, trade size, frequency, execution price, commissions and any options use can matter alongside the annual fund fee. The available evidence does not support declaring one ticker the best choice for every trading style.
What these ETFs do—and do not—diversify
The S&P 500 provides exposure to large-cap U.S. companies, not every publicly traded U.S. company and not international markets. In its July 31, 2026 prospectus, iShares reported that as of March 31, 2026, the index represented approximately 88% of the market capitalization of publicly traded U.S. equities. The same filing notes significant representation in consumer and technology sectors. That breadth is substantial, but it does not make an S&P 500 fund an all-market or globally diversified portfolio.
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All three funds remain exposed to stock-market declines. The IVV prospectus says investors could lose some or all of their investment and that performance may lag other investments. Vanguard likewise warns that ETF products can result in loss of principal. An index fund’s benchmark does not protect its investors from losses.
Holdings, tracking and taxes are not interchangeable details
Fund holdings can differ and change over time. State Street reported 503 SPY index holdings as of October 1, 2026; BlackRock reported 505 IVV holdings as of that date. These are point-in-time issuer figures, not a promise of permanent counts or proof that the portfolios are otherwise identical.
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IVV’s prospectus reported 3% portfolio turnover for its most recent fiscal year and explains that expenses, cash, timing, index changes, taxes and other factors can contribute to tracking error. Turnover can involve transaction costs and may result in higher taxes in taxable accounts. State Street notes that actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and that its displayed after-tax returns are not relevant to shares held in tax-deferred accounts such as 401(k)s or IRAs. These disclosures do not establish a universal tax-efficiency ranking among SPY, VOO and IVV.
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- Compare stated fees if your plan is to hold: the cited materials report 0.03% for VOO and IVV and 0.0945% gross for SPY.
- Consider options access if you use options: State Street lists options for SPY; the decision should also account for strategy-specific risks and trading costs.
- Check your brokerage account: these ETFs are bought and sold through brokerage accounts, and applicable commissions, fractional-share access and available share classes vary by provider.
- Review tax and account context: taxable and tax-deferred accounts can have different implications, and the cited materials do not determine which fund is best for an individual’s tax situation.
- Look beyond the ticker if you need broader diversification: an S&P 500 fund is not a substitute for exposure to smaller U.S. companies or international stocks.
This is an educational comparison of U.S.-oriented fund materials, not individualized investment or tax advice. Check current issuer information and prospectuses before investing.
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