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AI can help draft analysis code, explore data, and organize interpretations—but it does not take responsibility for permissions, methods, or conclusions away from the research team. Use it only when the data rules allow it, treat its output as provisional, verify results against the source data, and document and disclose material use under the policies governing your work.

1. Decide whether AI is appropriate for the data and task

Start with the research question, not the tool. Identify the specific work for which AI might help—such as drafting code or exploring possible analyses—and whether that assistance is permitted for the dataset. A tool that is suitable for public data may not be acceptable for participant, confidential, or controlled-access data.

Classify the data and check the rules

  • Determine whether the data are public, sensitive, identifiable, governed by participant consent, subject to a data-use agreement, or restricted by repository access terms.
  • Review consent and ethics or IRB terms, institutional security requirements, funder conditions, applicable law, and repository rules. Check the journal’s policy if the work will be published.
  • Read the specific AI service’s terms and determine where prompts and data are processed, whether they are retained, and whether they can be used to improve a service. Confirm that the service is approved for the data class by your institution.

For NIH intramural researchers, the 2026 Guidelines for the Conduct of Research in the Intramural Research Program at NIH state: “The scientist should learn and adhere to relevant NIH policy restrictions on internal or external AI systems and AI tools that they intend to use.” The guidelines apply to NIH’s intramural program, not automatically to every researcher or institution; other projects must follow their own governing policies.

Keep restricted human data out of public AI tools

Do not submit personal or controlled-access data to a public AI service unless the applicable rules specifically authorize that use. NIH guidance says potentially person-traceable information must not be uploaded into external AI systems, and clinical personally identifiable information analyses must be performed inside protected electronic health record systems. NIH also treats external access to private data or text as disclosure, even if the task seems low-risk. See the NIH Office of Science Policy’s AI policy resource for NIH guidance; these directions should not be mistaken for a complete account of every jurisdiction’s law.

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There is a specific restriction for NIH controlled-access human genomic data governed by the NIH Genomic Data Sharing Policy: NIH’s NOT-OD-25-081, released March 28, 2025, says public generative AI tools must not receive this data through prompts or other interfaces. The notice also applies Data Use Certification restrictions to models and derivatives based on the data. Review the applicable certification and obtain required approvals rather than assuming that removing direct identifiers makes the data eligible for public upload.

Assess re-identification risk even after de-identification

Removing direct identifiers does not guarantee that participant data are risk-free: information that meets common de-identification standards may still allow identity inferences when combined with other data. NIH’s privacy supplement to its Data Management and Sharing policy discusses these risks and factors relevant to controlled-access decisions. Consider the data type, processing level, likely combinations with external information, and whether a controlled-access repository is more appropriate.

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2. Use AI as an assistant, not an analytical authority

AI-generated code, calculations, explanations, and visualizations are suggestions to evaluate, not evidence that an analysis is correct. NIH identifies fabricated data, nonexistent references, undisclosed copied text, and undisclosed AI image alteration as research-integrity risks. The NIH Office of Extramural Research’s 2026 reminder urges researchers to check facts and references and follow institutional and journal requirements.

Inspect and test generated code

  • Read the code before running it. Check which input files, variables, libraries, and assumptions it uses, and inspect every transformation rather than treating generated code as a black box.
  • Run code in the intended analytical environment on appropriate data. Check intermediate outputs against known values or independent calculations.
  • Verify preprocessing decisions, exclusions, missing-data handling, units, calculations, model assumptions, and subgroup behavior. Examine whether another defensible method or specification changes the result.

Challenge interpretations and visualizations

  • Compare explanations with the actual data and the analysis design. Look for unsupported causal claims, overlooked alternative explanations, and conclusions that exceed what the method can establish.
  • Check every reported number and cited reference against its original source. A convincing explanation or plausible-looking citation is not verification.
  • Inspect figures and images for changes that could alter, omit, or misrepresent evidence. Disclose image alterations as required by the applicable policy.
  • Assess whether a model’s training population or assumptions fit the research population. NIH’s 2026 intramural guidance cautions against overgeneralizing predictive performance and recommends replication or testing in other relevant datasets.

NIH describes rigor as involving research design, methods, analysis, interpretation, and reporting; reproducibility includes validation of results by multiple scientists. Its reproducibility guidance offers a framework for treating verification as part of the analysis, not a final formality.

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Keep synthetic data distinct from observations

If AI generates synthetic or simulated data, do not present it as empirical observation. NIH’s 2026 intramural guidelines require synthetic data included in publications or presentations to be identified as AI-generated, justified in the methods, and documented along with processing steps. Check the relevant local and publication rules too; that NIH requirement is not a universal policy for all research settings.

3. Preserve a reviewable workflow

Document enough for a collaborator or reviewer to understand what the AI did and how you checked its contribution. NIH’s 2026 intramural guidance emphasizes transparency and reproducibility, while disclosure requirements outside NIH vary by institution, funder, repository, and journal.

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  • Record the data version and source, the tool and model or version where available, and relevant settings.
  • Preserve material prompts or instructions, generated code, transformations, analysis decisions, and outputs. Note which suggestions were accepted, changed, or rejected.
  • Record the human checks and validation performed, including how reported results were compared with source data or alternative methods.
  • Keep the analysis code and other workflow artifacts in the project record so the documented pipeline can be rerun from preserved inputs where possible.
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4. Disclose AI use according to the rules for the work

Check the current requirements of the institution, funder, and target journal. NIH’s Office of Extramural Research says researchers should describe AI use in applications, manuscripts, and presentations, including its role in research or data analysis, and explain relevant methods for reproducibility. Its 2026 reminder is NIH-specific guidance, not a universal disclosure rule.

Disclosure scope can depend on the kind of use and the governing policy. NIH’s 2026 intramural guide generally places ordinary uses such as routine text editing, search, and brainstorming or logistical assistance outside its disclosure scope, with qualifications for particular versions or parameterized applications. That distinction does not override a journal or institution that asks for broader disclosure. When AI materially contributes to data analysis, code, interpretation, or figures, describe what it did and what people verified.

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5. Check the final work before sharing or publishing

  1. Re-run the documented pipeline from preserved inputs where possible, and confirm that the results match the reported numbers.
  2. Verify references against the original publications or records; check facts, calculations, transformations, exclusions, and figure content.
  3. Review the final methods and disclosure against current institutional, funder, repository, and journal policies. State relevant limitations, including whether model performance may not transfer to the population studied.

UNESCO’s Guidance for generative AI in education and research, published September 7, 2023 and updated January 16, 2026, likewise takes a human-centered approach and highlights privacy, ethical validation, safety, equity, and meaningful use.

Choosing a tool comes after checking permission

There is no evidence-based product ranking in this guidance. Once you know which tools are permitted for the data, compare candidates on the factors that affect safe, reviewable analysis:

Quick Recap

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  • Permitted data classes and institutional approval
  • Data and prompt retention, training terms, and access controls
  • Audit logging and exportability of code and outputs
  • Model or version stability and reproducibility features
  • Fit to the analytical task and the ability to validate results independently

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