ECMAScript is the formal standard behind JavaScript. Ecma International publishes it as ECMA-262, while TC39 develops and updates the language through a consensus-based proposal process. A proposal’s stage signals how mature its design is—not whether it is already in browsers or guaranteed to appear in the next edition.
What is ECMAScript?
ECMAScript is a general-purpose, cross-platform programming language specified by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 standard. The specification defines the language’s syntax and behavior, its built-in libraries, and supporting technologies. Ecma’s ECMA-262 page identifies ECMAScript as an Ecma registered trademark and describes the standard’s current published edition.
Is ECMAScript the same as JavaScript?
In ordinary usage, JavaScript is the familiar name for the language standardized as ECMAScript. The names are not best understood as two competing languages: ECMAScript is the formal standards name, while JavaScript is the widely used language name. Ecma identifies JavaScript as an Oracle trademark. The language specification is ECMA-262; JavaScript implementations use that specification as their common foundation.
Who decides what enters ECMAScript?
TC39—Ecma Technical Committee 39—maintains and evolves ECMAScript and authors its specification. Its process is consensus-based: a proposal advances when the committee agrees it has met the requirements for the next stage. TC39’s process document describes how proposals move from early ideas toward fully specified features, including acceptance tests and multiple implementations.
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TC39’s proposal-stage decisions and Ecma’s approval of a published standard are related but distinct. A proposal can mature within TC39 before its text is incorporated into an edition and that edition completes Ecma’s review and approval process.
What do TC39 proposal stages mean?
Stages describe a proposal’s maturity and the evidence it has accumulated. They are not release dates, browser-support labels, or promises that a feature will ship. Advancement requires committee consensus.
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| Stage | Meaning | What it does not guarantee |
|---|---|---|
| 0 — Strawperson | An idea being explored by its authors. It is not currently under committee consideration. | That TC39 will take up the idea or that its design will proceed. |
| 1 — Proposal under consideration | A champion or champion group and a public proposal repository exist. The committee examines the problem, possible solutions, and broader concerns. | That the committee has settled on a design. |
| 2 — Draft design | TC39 has selected a preferred solution or solution space. The proposal describes the main syntax or APIs, examples, and initial specification text. | That the design is final or the feature will be included. A Stage 2 proposal may never be included. |
| 2.7 — Validation | The design and specification text are complete enough for validation. Reviewers and the relevant editor group have signed off, and rigorous tests and spec-compliant prototypes help validate the design. | That implementation experience or final completion requirements have been met. |
| 3 — Implementation experience | The design is recommended for implementation. Shipping implementations and real-world feedback can expose implementation, web-compatibility, and integration issues. | That the proposal has reached Stage 4 or the published standard. |
| 4 — Finished | The proposal is ready for specification integration after meeting validation and implementation criteria. | That it has already been published in a particular annual edition or is available in a particular runtime. |
What Stage 4 requires
Under the current TC39 process, Stage 4 requires two compatible implementations that pass Test262 acceptance tests, significant in-the-field experience with shipping implementations, integrated specification text submitted to the relevant ECMA-262 or ECMA-402 repository, and editor-group sign-off. Stage 4 makes a proposal eligible for integration; the publication calendar determines when an edition is approved.
How a Stage 4 proposal becomes a published standard
TC39’s process document gives an approximate annual schedule, not a guarantee that any specific proposal will make a particular edition:
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- February 1: A candidate draft is produced.
- March TC39 meeting: Stage 4 proposals are incorporated, final semantics are approved, and a new specification version is branched.
- April to June: The Ecma Executive Committee and General Assembly review the proposed standard.
- July: The Ecma General Assembly approves the new standard.
Because this is an approximate cycle, a feature’s Stage 4 status alone does not establish the edition in which it will appear. Check the proposal’s status and the relevant draft or published edition when timing matters.
How to check whether a JavaScript feature is actually standardized
Use more than the proposal-stage label. A proposal repository, polyfill, or experimental implementation can be useful evidence of development, but none by itself proves that a feature is standardized or broadly supported.
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- Check its current TC39 stage in the proposal repository and confirm that the information reflects the current process, including Stage 2.7.
- Look for implementation and test evidence appropriate to its stage. Stage 3 calls for shipping implementation experience; Stage 4 has specific compatibility, Test262, and editor sign-off requirements.
- Check the latest ECMA-262 draft to see whether the feature’s specification text is integrated. Ecma points readers to the latest drafts, which may move ahead of the last published edition.
- Check the published edition if you need to know whether the feature is in an approved standard. Ecma says the HTML version of ECMA-262 is normative; the PDF is provided for printing.
- Check your target browser or runtime separately when deciding whether code can rely on the feature. Standardization and implementation support are different questions, and support can vary by engine and version.
Which source should you use: the latest draft or the published edition?
The latest draft reflects ongoing specification work and can be ahead of the most recently published yearly edition. The published edition is the approved standard for that edition. Use the draft to inspect current specification text; use the edition when you need to identify what Ecma has formally published. Ecma’s ECMA-262 page states that its HTML edition is normative and links to the latest drafts.
As of October 4, 2026, the current published standard is ECMA-262, ECMAScript 2026, 17th edition, published in June 2026. The live draft may reflect later work, so a feature’s appearance there should not be confused with inclusion in that published edition.
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