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How to decide what needs documenting
For every sentence you plan to add, ask: What could a new caller or maintainer misunderstand if this sentence were absent? Keep it if it prevents a meaningful guess about behavior, use, or a constraint. Cut it if it simply narrates a readable line or repeats a name.
Google’s Go style guide puts the distinction simply: “It is often better for comments to explain why something is done, not what the code is doing.” Google Go Style Guide. Its broader documentation guidance says inline comments should provide information the code itself cannot contain, such as why the code is there. Google Documentation Best Practices.
- Make the code explain the obvious. Clear names and straightforward control flow are documentation. A comment that repeats an understandable statement adds little and can become misleading.
- Explain the non-obvious. Record the rationale for an unusual choice, a constraint it satisfies, or an edge case a future change must preserve—especially for business rules, security checks, performance trade-offs, and subtle language behavior.
- Document promises to callers. Public APIs need enough context that users do not have to inspect the implementation to understand consequential behavior.
- Keep explanations true. A stale comment is worse than no comment when it causes a reader to trust behavior the code no longer has.
No cited source establishes a reliable target for the number of comments, words, or documentation pages a project should contain. A 2019 Google-published mapping study reviewed 21 prior works and organized 34 weighted recommendations across five dimensions; those figures describe the study’s framework, not an ideal documentation quota for a codebase. Study abstract.
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Choose the right place for each explanation
Good documentation answers the reader’s question where that reader is likely to look. A caller needs a contract; a first-time user needs a starting point; a maintainer may need the reason behind a tricky implementation.
| Where it belongs | Reader’s question | Include | Avoid |
|---|---|---|---|
| Names and code structure | What is happening here? | Specific names, clear control flow, understandable abstractions | Generic names that force explanatory comments |
| Inline comment | Why is this choice or edge case here? | Rationale, constraints, non-obvious edge cases, domain context | Narration of an obvious statement or commentary duplicated by a name |
| API reference or source comment | How do I call this, and what does it promise? | Purpose, behavior, parameter and return meanings, errors, defaults, prerequisites, pitfalls | A vague summary that only restates the method name |
| README | What is this package, and where do I begin? | Purpose, status, contacts, a first use or command, links to fuller docs | A duplicate of an authoritative guide maintained elsewhere |
| Tutorial or operational guide | How do I complete this task? | Ordered steps, examples, setup, tests, debugging, release instructions | A lasting procedure hidden in an incidental code comment |
| Design record | Why was this approach chosen? | Decision rationale and alternatives considered | A document mistaken for a current user guide when it describes an unimplemented design |
These are roles, not a required number of files. A small private script might need only clear names and a short usage note. A public library, service, or safety-sensitive subsystem needs more explicit contracts and edge-case guidance because other people rely on behavior they cannot safely infer.
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What public API documentation should say
A signature shows types, but may not say what a value means or what happens in an important case. Describe a public method, type, or option in terms of the decisions its caller must make.
- State the purpose and behavior, then explain what each parameter means and which values are accepted.
- Define what the return value represents, including meaningful empty or error results.
- Document exceptions or errors, required permissions or state, defaults, side effects, restrictions, and common pitfalls where relevant.
- Link related APIs or include a minimal example if that helps someone complete a likely task.
Google’s API-reference guidance covers public classes, interfaces, structs, constants, fields, enums, typedefs, and methods. It recommends documenting method parameters, returns, and exceptions, and starting class documentation with its purpose. Google API Reference Documentation. Microsoft notes that .NET triple-slash comments become public Learn documentation and appear in IntelliSense, so they should be complete, correct, contextual, and polished. Microsoft .NET API documentation guidance.
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Not every method needs a long comment. If a simple, stable operation is fully clear from its name and signature, a brief description may suffice. Add detail where a caller faces a consequential choice or where behavior is not obvious.
What a README and fuller guides should cover
README: orient the first-time reader
At package level, say what the directory or package is for, indicate its status and contact or ownership route where useful, and show a first use or command. Link to the relevant authoritative documentation rather than maintaining a second copy of a guide. Google’s package README guidance emphasizes these first-use needs. Google README guidance.
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Guides: explain workflows and concepts
Put procedures such as setup, running tests, debugging, and releasing in a guide where they can be found and maintained as a whole. Use ordered steps for tasks and include expected outcomes or recovery hints when a reader could otherwise get stuck. A design record can preserve why a decision was made, but it should not be presented as instructions for using behavior that was never implemented. Google’s best-practices guide distinguishes these fuller-document roles. Google Documentation Best Practices.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.When examples and tests are worth adding
An example earns its space when there are several plausible ways to use an API or when the first successful task is hard to infer. Put the simplest common case first; add advanced alternatives only when readers need them. Google recommends a short sample near the top of a unique API page as a general suggestion, while recognizing that the advice may not fit every language or API. Google API Reference Documentation.
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Tests can anchor documented behavior in executable expectations. Google’s guidance says method behavior is often reasonable to verify with tests. A test can help catch a changed contract, but it does not explain why an unusual choice exists; use rationale documentation for that. Google Documentation Best Practices.
A short review before you publish a comment or guide
- Identify the reader: caller, first-time user, operator, or maintainer.
- Name the question the text answers: contract, task steps, rationale, or background concept.
- Check discoverability: will that reader find it where they naturally look?
- Check whether it can be generated from source or belongs in a maintained guide or design record.
- Prioritize the cost of misunderstanding and the chance the explanation will drift as behavior changes.
These checks are a practical synthesis, not a published scoring system. A study abstract also reports that developers encounter confusion from varying comment conventions and incomplete coverage in coding style guides; it does not establish one universally best convention or a documentation volume target. Study abstract.
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