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To resize the entire document, use Image > Image Size and keep the aspect-ratio constraint enabled. To resize, rotate, or skew only a layer or other selected content, use Edit > Free Transform (Ctrl+T on Windows or Command+T on macOS). Check the proportional-scaling control before changing size; Photoshop remembers its last scaling behavior.

Choose whether to transform the whole image or selected content

Image > Image Size changes the document’s pixel dimensions and resolution. Free Transform changes the active layer, shape, path, or selection within the document. Select the intended content first so you do not transform the wrong thing.

If the content is on a locked Background layer, click its lock icon in the Layers panel to convert it to a regular layer before transforming it. Adobe’s Free Transform guidance covers the desktop workflow.

Resize the entire image without stretching it

  1. Choose Image > Image Size.
  2. Enter the desired width and height, using the units you need.
  3. Keep the constrain-aspect-ratio control enabled. If it is off, Photoshop allows width and height to change independently, which can distort the image.
  4. Choose whether to keep Resample selected. With Resample on, Photoshop interpolates pixel information as dimensions change. With it off, pixel dimensions and resolution are adjusted in relation to one another rather than adding or removing pixels.
  5. Set the resolution if your output requires a particular print resolution, then select OK.

Pixel dimensions describe the image’s width and height in pixels; resolution describes how those pixels are mapped to physical output. Resampling changes pixel data, but it cannot restore detail absent from the source. See Adobe’s image resizing steps and explanation of resizing parameters.

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Resize a layer or selection proportionally

  1. Select the layer, shape, path, or selection to change.
  2. Choose Edit > Free Transform, or press Ctrl+T on Windows or Command+T on macOS.
  3. Before scaling, check that Maintain aspect ratio or the width-and-height link is enabled. The state can reflect the previous scaling operation; do not assume it is on.
  4. Drag a corner handle to resize proportionally, or enter linked width and height percentages in the Options bar.
  5. Commit the transformation when you are done.

Do not rely on holding Shift to preserve proportions: in current desktop Photoshop behavior, Shift toggles proportional scaling. Use the visible aspect-ratio control and verify its state. Adobe describes the controls in its transform images, shapes, and paths help.

Rotate content or the whole image

Rotate selected content

With Free Transform active, move the pointer outside the bounding border until the rotate cursor appears, then drag. Hold Shift to constrain rotation to 15-degree increments, or enter a numeric angle in the Options bar.

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Rotate the entire image by a fixed amount

For a whole-document rotation, choose Edit > Transform and select Rotate 90° Clockwise, Rotate 90° Counter Clockwise, or Rotate 180°. This is different from rotating only the active layer or selection. Adobe lists these commands in its rotate or flip images instructions.

Skew content without confusing it with perspective or distortion

To skew selected content, start Free Transform, then hold Ctrl+Shift on Windows or Command+Shift on macOS while dragging a side handle. Skew slants the content. It is not the same as free distortion, perspective transformation, or Warp; those operations reshape content in different ways. Adobe distinguishes these options in its scale, rotation, and perspective guide.

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Combine transformations and protect image quality

Adobe warns that bitmap content becomes slightly less sharp each time a transformation is committed. When practical, perform scaling, rotation, and skew together, then commit once. Smart Objects preserve quality through repeated transformations, though they cannot create source detail that was never present. Adobe explains the transform behavior in its desktop Free Transform documentation.

To finish a Free Transform, press Enter on Windows or Return on macOS, use the Commit control, or click outside the canvas area. Press Esc or choose Cancel to discard the pending transformation.

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When ordinary resizing would cut into important content

If you need to change an image’s dimensions while protecting a subject or other key visual area, consider Content-Aware Scale rather than ordinary proportional scaling. Its options include a protected area and Protect Skin Tones. It changes how image content is scaled; it is not a substitute for keeping proportions when you want a simple, uniform resize. Adobe’s Content-Aware Scale instructions describe the available controls.

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