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Choose the market-data feed before building around it
Decide which assets and regions the app will support, then select a feed with coverage and access rights that fit. Normalize incoming data into an internal format containing at least the symbol, event timestamp, relevant price and size fields, and the source or feed identity. Preserve that provenance so users can tell which data informed a simulated fill.
Alpaca is one documented implementation option, not a universal specification. Its documentation describes real-time and historical market data for equities and crypto. However, Alpaca says Paper Only Account holders are entitled to IEX market data; do not imply that a paper account automatically receives consolidated market data. Identify the actual feed used in your app and disclose any relevant entitlement or coverage limits. See Alpaca’s documentation overview and its US documentation index.
Define order behavior as an explicit simulation model
An order should move through a recorded lifecycle rather than changing portfolio state as soon as a user submits it. Depending on the model, useful states include accepted, pending, eligible, partially filled, filled, canceled, and rejected. Specify what market observation makes an order eligible, how the app chooses its fill price, whether partial fills are possible, and what happens when data is stale or unavailable.
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Set rules for market and limit orders
For each supported order type, document the trigger and price logic. In Alpaca’s paper environment, the documentation describes orders as matched against the best available current market price (NBBO). It also says limit orders fill only when they are marketable and that eligible orders can receive partial fills. These are Alpaca-specific behaviors; a custom simulator should state its own rules instead. Consult Alpaca’s paper-trading documentation.
Alpaca lists market, limit, stop, and more complex order types in its Trading API documentation. Support varies with the selected assets and API version, so check the current API documentation rather than assuming every order type works identically in every context. See About Trading API.
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Explain what paper fills leave out
Alpaca warns that its paper simulation does not account for market impact, information leakage, latency-related slippage, non-marketable limit-order queue position, or market-data sources. A simulated result should therefore not be presented as a prediction of live execution. Put these assumptions alongside performance figures and order history where users will see them.
Make fills the source of portfolio changes
Record submitted orders and resulting fills separately. Update cash and positions from fill events, not merely from order requests; an unfilled or canceled order should not be treated as a completed trade. Keep a durable event history that lets the app recompute holdings and cash and lets the user inspect how the current portfolio arose.
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Display order activity alongside current holdings. This makes partial fills, cancellations, and rejections understandable and gives users a way to reconcile a position with the events that changed it. The ledger design is an implementation choice, but the link between recorded fills and displayed portfolio state should be consistent.
Decide how to handle dividends and other adjustments
Alpaca says its paper account does not simulate dividends. If your app reports total returns or compares portfolio performance over time, define an explicit policy for dividends and any other corporate actions you choose to support. Do not imply that a price-and-fill-only ledger includes those effects.
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Test the rules and the event trail
Test behavior against the assumptions your app publishes. Include ordinary and failure paths so users do not see a portfolio state that cannot be explained by the recorded activity.
- Market orders and limit orders, including limits that cross the market and limits that do not.
- Partial fills, rejected orders, cancellations, and orders that remain unfilled.
- Missing or stale quotes and interrupted data connections.
- Duplicate submissions and retry or reconnect paths, to check that one user action does not create unintended duplicate activity.
- Portfolio reconciliation: replay the order and fill history and confirm it produces the displayed cash and positions.
These are development checks, not claims that a particular app has passed them. Alpaca’s documentation also notes live-trading risks such as orders that may not fill, price spikes, and network disconnections; a simulator can represent relevant failure conditions, but its behavior should remain clearly distinguished from live execution.
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Choose a hosted API or a custom simulator
A hosted paper-trading API can speed up a prototype, while a custom simulator can give you direct control over persistence and deterministic replay. The choice depends on your product requirements; the available Alpaca documentation does not establish a balanced comparison with other providers.
| Decision area | What to verify |
|---|---|
| Assets and order types | Supported asset classes, order types, and any asset- or API-version-specific behavior. |
| Market data | Feed coverage, historical depth, real-time availability, and account entitlements. |
| Fill realism | Published fill rules, partial-fill behavior, and omitted live-execution effects. |
| Account and portfolio | Available order, fill, cash, and position data for reconciling activity. |
| Environment separation | How sandbox access and credentials are separated from live trading. |
| Operational control | Whether the design supports durable event history and deterministic replay. |
Alpaca’s paper-trading and market-data APIs are one possible backend for a prototype. Review its current documentation for product scope, data access, paper-account behavior, and supported Trading API order types before choosing it.
Disclose the simulation where results appear
Label the experience as simulated and identify its data feed and execution assumptions. Alpaca’s documentation puts the limitation plainly: “However, please note that paper trading is only a simulation. It provides a good approximation for what one might expect in real trading, but it is not a substitute for real trading and performance may differ.” The same distinction matters in a custom app: real-time quotes do not turn simulated fills into exchange executions.
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