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Choose a capture method for your URL list
Use browser automation when the report needs a repeatable batch, custom interactions, or a record of which pages succeeded. Playwright provides a Page API for navigating to pages and saving screenshots, including full-page captures. Its CLI can capture viewports, elements, or full pages and supports custom filenames, PNG/JPEG/WebP formats, and device-pixel output. shot-scraper is another command-line utility for automated website screenshots built on Playwright.
- Playwright script: A good fit when you need per-URL error handling, a manifest, custom waits, or other site-specific behavior.
- Playwright CLI: Consider it for straightforward captures where command-line options are sufficient. The CLI documentation covers viewport and element captures, full-page screenshots, filenames, formats, and high-resolution device-pixel capture.
- shot-scraper: Consider this Playwright-based command-line utility when you want a screenshot-oriented command-line workflow.
The available documentation does not establish comparative speed, reliability, or pricing benchmarks for these options. Choose based on the interactions, capture scope, output, and audit trail your report requires.
Decide what each screenshot must show
Viewport
A viewport capture shows the currently visible screen. Use it when the report compares initial presentation or above-the-fold content. Keep viewport dimensions consistent across the batch.
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Full page
A full-page capture includes content below the fold. Use it when the report needs to show a page beyond its initial screen. Long pages can create very tall images, so check that text and details remain readable in the report.
Element
An element capture isolates a specified page component, such as a chart or panel. Use it when the rest of the page is not relevant evidence. Confirm that the selector identifies the intended element on each target; page layouts and markup can differ.
Format and pixel scale
Choose PNG, JPEG, or WebP according to the report’s needs and how images will be handled downstream. High-resolution device-pixel output can improve legibility but increases image dimensions. Review representative files at their intended report size rather than assuming a larger image will be clearer.
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Prepare a repeatable batch
- Make a URL list. Store one target URL per line in a UTF-8 text file named
urls.txt. Use full URLs, including the scheme, such ashttps://example.com/. - Choose and record settings. Decide on viewport dimensions, capture scope, format, and any waits or interactions the sites need. Keep the browser version, operating environment, viewport, device scale, and procedure stable across the batch.
- Set up the runtime. The example below uses Node.js and Playwright. Install Node.js, create a working directory, then run
npm init -yandnpm install playwright. Install the browser binary withnpx playwright install chromium. - Run a small sample first. Capture a few representative URLs and inspect the images and manifest before processing the full list. This is a workflow safeguard, not a guarantee that every site will behave the same way.
- Review exceptions. Check failed navigations, redirects, unexpected page content, and empty or incomplete captures instead of treating every output file as valid evidence.
Capture a URL list with Playwright
Save the following as capture.mjs next to urls.txt. It writes screenshots to screenshots/ and a JSON Lines manifest to manifest.jsonl. Each manifest row records the requested URL, final page URL when available, capture time, filename, and outcome. These fields are a practical audit trail, not a format prescribed by Playwright.
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import { readFile, mkdir, appendFile } from 'node:fs/promises';
const urls = (await readFile('urls.txt', 'utf8'))
.split(/r?n/)
.map(line => line.trim())
.filter(line => line && !line.startsWith('#'));
const outputDir = 'screenshots';
await mkdir(outputDir, { recursive: true });
await writeFileIfMissing('manifest.jsonl');
const browser = await chromium.launch({ headless: true });
const page = await browser.newPage({
viewport: { width: 1440, height: 1000 },
deviceScaleFactor: 1
});
function safeName(url, index) {
const parsed = new URL(url);
const slug = `${parsed.hostname}${parsed.pathname}`
.replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/gi, '-')
.replace(/^-|-$/g, '')
.slice(0, 100) || 'page';
return `${String(index + 1).padStart(4, '0')}-${slug}.png`;
}
async function record(row) {
await appendFile('manifest.jsonl', `${JSON.stringify(row)}n`);
}
try {
for (const [index, requestedUrl] of urls.entries()) {
const capturedAt = new Date().toISOString();
const filename = safeName(requestedUrl, index);
const filepath = `${outputDir}/${filename}`;
let finalUrl = null;
try {
const response = await page.goto(requestedUrl, {
waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
timeout: 45000
});
finalUrl = page.url();
// Replace with fullPage: true for a full-page image.
// For one element, use: await page.locator('SELECTOR').screenshot({ path: filepath });
await page.screenshot({ path: filepath, type: 'png' });
await record({
requestedUrl,
finalUrl,
capturedAt,
filename: filepath,
outcome: response ? `captured_http_${response.status()}` : 'captured_no_main_response'
});
} catch (error) {
try { finalUrl = page.url(); } catch {}
await record({
requestedUrl,
finalUrl,
capturedAt,
filename: null,
outcome: 'failed',
error: String(error?.message ?? error)
});
}
}
} finally {
await browser.close();
}
async function writeFileIfMissing(path) {
try {
await readFile(path);
} catch {
await appendFile(path, '');
}
}Run the batch with node capture.mjs. The code uses a single page sequentially, so filenames remain attributable to the URL order and captures do not overwrite one another. It waits for domcontentloaded, not for every network request to finish; some sites render important content later. If a target requires a different wait, add a site-appropriate wait or interaction before the screenshot, and note that procedure in your report. For full-page capture, set fullPage: true. For an element capture, replace the screenshot call with the locator example in the comment and use the correct selector.
The script continues after an individual failure and records it in the manifest. A failed navigation may still leave a page that displays an error or partial content; inspect outputs rather than treating a saved image alone as proof of a successful page load. If you rerun the script, it appends manifest rows, so retain the run date or start with a fresh manifest when you need a distinct batch record.
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Make the evidence comparable and auditable
- Use the same browser, browser version, operating environment, viewport dimensions, device scale, and capture procedure throughout a comparison. Playwright notes that rendering can vary with host OS, browser version, settings, hardware, power source, and headless mode; its visual comparison guidance recommends using the same environment as the baseline.
- Record the capture date and settings with the image set. Keep the manifest alongside the screenshots and preserve the requested URL even when the page redirects.
- Inspect a representative sample and investigate failures or unexpected redirects before relying on the batch.
- In the report, identify each screenshot and its capture date, and cite the original page as well. A screenshot shows appearance at capture time; by itself it does not establish authorship, publication date, accuracy, or continued availability.
Troubleshoot common batch problems
Navigation times out
A page may be slow, unresponsive, or dependent on resources that do not finish loading. The example uses a 45-second navigation timeout and catches failures per URL. Check whether the page eventually presents usable content, then choose an appropriate timeout or wait condition for that site. Do not silently classify a timeout as a successful capture.
The screenshot is blank or missing late-loading content
domcontentloaded means the initial document has been parsed; it does not ensure every image or dynamically rendered component is ready. Add a wait for a relevant selector or a suitable site-specific delay before capture. Avoid assuming one wait strategy works for every target.
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Compare requestedUrl and finalUrl in the manifest. Review the destination and the screenshot; a redirect can be meaningful to the report, but it should not be mistaken for the originally requested content.
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Files overwrite one another or are hard to identify
Use unique filenames and keep the manifest. The sample prefixes a sanitized host and path with the URL’s position in the input list, which avoids collisions between repeated paths in different positions. Preserve the original URL in the manifest because a filename is only a label.
Pages look different across runs
Rendering differences can come from changes in the environment or browser as well as page changes. Keep the capture environment and settings stable, and record them with the run. If the result is evidence for a report, inspect unexpected differences rather than assuming they reflect a change to the site itself.
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Plan the batch’s time, storage, and review
A sequential browser script is straightforward to audit, but each URL is handled after the preceding one. Large URL lists therefore take longer than small ones, and the total time depends on page behavior and waits; the available documentation does not provide a speed benchmark. If you increase concurrency, test it on a small sample and consider the load imposed on target sites, rate limits, and the complexity of correlating each result to its manifest row.
Estimate storage from the image dimensions, chosen format, page lengths, and number of URLs rather than assuming every screenshot has the same size. Full-page captures can vary widely. Keep only the scope necessary for the report, and check that exported images remain legible at final display size.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Does a screenshot prove what a website said or who published it?
No. It records a rendered appearance at capture time. Preserve the original page URL and capture date in the report, and use other evidence if authorship, publication date, or accuracy matters.
Can I use the same script for a whole website?
The example processes the URLs you provide in urls.txt; it does not discover or crawl a site’s pages. Prepare the target list separately and review each result.
Should I use screenshots as the only record of a research source?
No. Keep the original URL and a capture-time record with the image so readers can distinguish the saved appearance from the live page.
Quick Recap
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